Black Movements of 1960

Kelsey Kindell Lauren Cherneski English 102 5 September 2012 Black Arts Movement of the 1960s The history of BAM, the types of entertainment, and their effects on society has the upmost impact on history today. Due to it being the only American literary movement to advance â€Å"social engagement† as sin qua non of its aesthetic. The movement broke from the immediate past of protest and petition (civil rights) literature and dashed forward toward an alternative that initially seemed unthinkable and unobtainable: Black Power.One of the most important figures in the Black Arts movement is Amiri Baraka (formerly Leroi Jones). Following the assassination of Malcolm X in 1965, Leroi Jones (Amiri Baraka) made a symbolic move from Manhattan’s Lower East Side to Harlem, where he founded the Black Arts Repertory Theatre/ School. According to the â€Å" Norton Anthology of African American Literature,’’ no one was more competent in the combination of the experiment al and the vernacular than Amiri Baraka, whose volume Black Magic Poetry 1961- 1967(1969) is one of the first products of the African American creative energies of the 1960s.Umbra, which produced Umbra Magazine, was the first post-civil rights Black literary group to make an impact as radical in the sense of establishing their own voice distinct from, and sometimes at odds with, the prevailing white literary establishment. The attempt to merge a Black-oriented activist thrust with a primarily artistic orientation produced a classic split in Umbra between those who wanted to be activists and those who thought of themselves as primarily writers, though to some extent all members shared both views.Black writers have always had to face the issue of whether their work was primarily political or aesthetic. Black Arts Movement influenced the world of literature, portraying different ethnic voices. Before the movement, the literary canon lacked diversity, and the ability to express ideas fr om the point of view of racial and ethnic minorities was not valued by the mainstream. Theatre groups, poetry performances, music and dance were centered on this movement, and therefore African Americans were becoming recognized in the area of literature and rts. African Americans were also able to educate others through different types of expressions and media about cultural differences. The most common form of teaching was through poetry reading. African American performances were used for their own political advertisement, organization, and community issues. The Black Arts movement was spread by the use of newspaper advertisements. The first major arts movement publication was in 1964. The movement lasted for about a decade, through the mid-1960s and into the 1970s.This was a period of controversy and change in the world of literature. One major change came through the portrayal of new ethnic voices in the United States. English- language literature, prior to the Black Arts movem ent, was dominated by white authors. The theatres, as well as cultural counters were based throughout America and were used for community meetings, study groups and film screenings. Newspapers were a major tool in spreading the Black Arts movement.In 1964, Black Dialogue was published, making it the first major arts movement publication. As the movement matured, the two major locations of Black Arts' ideological leadership, particularly for literary work, were California's Bay Area because of the Journal of Black Poetry and the Black Scholar, and the Chicago-Detroit axis because of Negro Digest/Black World and Third World Press in Chicago, and Broadside Press and Naomi Long Madgett's Lotus Press in Detroit.The only major Black Arts literary publications to come out of New York were the short-lived (six issues between 1969 and 1972) Black Theatre magazine published by the New Lafayette Theatre and Black Dialogue, which had actually started in San Francisco (1964-1968) and relocated t o New York (1969-1972). In conclusion, the impacts of Black Arts activities were the development of Black theater groups and Black poetry performances and journals, and both had close ties to community organizations and issues.Black theaters served as the focus of poetry, dance, and music performances in addition to formal and ritual drama. Black theaters were also venues for community meetings, lectures, study groups, and film screenings. Resources http://aalbc. com/authors/blackartsmovement. htm http://www. english. illinois. edu/maps/blackarts/historical. htm

Environmental Regulations Essay

Today’s society demands its industries to be more sensitive to the needs of the environment. With the increasing preference for raw materials and resources, the questions of sustainability and efficiency come into the picture as many producers seek to maximize the way these resources are used. Like any other resource, galvanized steel has undergone numerous changes that had made it both environmentally green and adaptive to the needs of society. In the end, by both catering to needs of nature and harnessing new ways to improve, industries can maximize cost effective exhaustion of raw materials and create a consensus for adaptability. Understanding the Development and Need Since the industrial revolution, steel has been considered an important commodity among states and many industries. It is the primary component in creating structures and developing new mechanisms that can help man. Seeing this, it has helped man traverse the century creating new advancement in different areas such as automobiles, construction, household appliance, etc. However, with the rapidly increasing exhaustion of man in its natural resources, there is a call for an increase in sustainability and efficiency in using and tapping resources such as steel. As time progressed, it has also given man time to generate and perfect the creation of new steels that are both stronger and effective than their predecessors. An example of this is galvanized steel. Though to generate other resources often create many adverse effects in the environment, it can be argued that galvanized steel is considered ‘green’ because of using natural methods and tapping into one element that is considered environmental friendly; zinc (International Zinc Association, 2008). Helping Reduce the Cost of Consumption and Production With today’s increasing and developing technology, man continuously finds ways to help improve the efficiency and effectiveness of how things are done. This also applies in galvanized steel industry as many look into ways of reducing the possible cost brought about by corrosion and other risk factors associated in the process. One example of this development is the creation of the Life-Cycle Cost Calculator (LCC) to actively determine what anti-corrosion system best suites you in the long run (Galvanizing Cost, 2008). Under this system, it helps calculate the maintenance and total cost that can be incurred given several economic conditions such as inflation and interest rates. Seeing this, the LCC is just one of the ways that the galvanized steel industry has been committed in creating effective and efficient ways of building. By using active data and interpreting it accordingly to the needs of a specific industry, they can maximize the capability of the steel while at the same time reducing the risk of corrosion and further exhaustion. This in turn can generate better allocation of galvanized steel in areas that need it most. Understanding what Zinc is Since the primary component of galvanized steel is Zinc, it is essential for individuals to decipher the importance of such element to fully understand why it is considered to be ‘green’ in both application and in its creation. One important thing to understand about this element is that Zinc is an earth element that can be recycled over and over without worrying about losing its physical or chemical properties (International Zinc Association, 2008). At the same time, this element remains to be abundant as it is considered to be the 27th most common element on the earth. Another important idea to point out is that in determining the level of reserves looks into the amount of information scientists have gathered in a specific place and using a particular technology. â€Å"The term ‘reserves’ denotes only what has been mapped and measured today and what can be exploited using current technology† (International Zinc Association, 2008, p. 1). With these, such resource is highly sustainable in the environment because of its ability to both its protection and enabling social progress. Zinc’s Impact The presence of Zinc remains to be an important component for both man and the environment. Many scientists have argued that this element remains to be an essential component for life in many species and organisms. That is why this element should be taken adequately to fully sustain our needs. â€Å"When uptake is too low, deficiency occurs and adverse effects can be observed† (International Zinc Association, 2008, p. 1). On the other hand, too much exposure on this can lead to toxicity and poisoning. With the right amount, zinc can help improve health and wellness of man and the environment. In particular, Zinc has properties that is significant in man’s health and can cater improvements in growth, fertility, immune system and vision (International Zinc Association, 2008). Likewise, if one shall study a person’s anatomy, Zinc is present in different areas of the body particularly in organs, tissues, and bones. To gain the proper amount of Zinc, man can get it in various food forms such as meat, poultry, fish and seafood (International Zinc Association, 20098). That is why having a balanced diet can generate the sufficient amount of zinc that can lead to wellness and improvement. If not given proper attention, the lack of Zinc in the person’s body can generate several risk factors. â€Å"Zinc deficiency is responsible for approximately 16% of lower respiratory tract infections, 18% of malaria and 10% of diarrhoeal disease† (International Zinc Association, 2008, p. 1). Likewise, this is also applicable in agriculture particularly in soil and crops. Without the proper nourishment of zinc, it reduces the number of production during harvest and at the same time lowers its overall quality. Fostering Responsible Extraction and Mining Like any other element, Zinc must be extracted in the earth and refined to create new products in the process. This has been evident in the 18th century as man sought to improve and develop new mechanisms that can help them move forward. However, during the middle of the 20th century, there has been a consensus to help reduce the risk factors associated with exposure to Zinc emotions in the environment (International Zinc Association, 2008). This has led to numerous changes in how refinement is administered as it became environmental friendly and adaptable to the needs of the current trends. One important indicator that is used by scientists to actively determine the level of Zinc emissions was measured in the Greenland snow. â€Å"The minute amounts of zinc deposited at this remote location are an indicator of both natural zinc cycling and anthropogenic zinc emissions to air in Europe and North America, and reflect the trend in zinc emissions to air observed throughout the northern hemisphere† (International Zinc Association, 2008, p. 1). One important result of this study showed that there has been a reduction of zinc emissions in the environment and continues to decrease in the years to come. This change can be attributed to the recent developments in both extraction and technology. With the help of new instruments and mechanisms, better facilitation and exhaustion is now possible with the minimal risk factors associated in the process such as fugitive emissions. â€Å"Fugitive emissions originate from sources such as outdoor stockpiles, handling or transfer operations, vehicle traffic as well as leakages from buildings and roofs, from maintenance operations and breakdown of plants† (International Zinc Association, 2008, p. 1). These new innovative and sustainable ideas has led to better creation of products such as galvanized steel and lowered the effect of corrosion Commitment in the Environment The decline of emissions brought about by Zinc extraction and refinement can be attributed to the commitment of both many states and organizations that are committed in protecting the environment. Under this area, they create new standards and protocols that can help set the guidelines and effective ways to exhaust such resources in the natural environment without compromising quality and risks associated in the process. By having these mandates, better administration can be made and administered. Likewise, such commitment can be attributed to the capability of these institutions to monitor and implement regulations. For example, the passing of the EU Risk Assessment and Risk Reduction Strategy on Zinc has given international organizations such as the EU to reinforce and implement better management of Zinc extraction from exhaustion to refinement (International Zinc Association, 2008). Conclusion To conclude, man’s commitment in environmental protection and sustainability has allowed us to find ways and means to develop better methods in enhancing exhaustion of natural resources such as galvanized steel. At the same time, we had the commitment to create institutions, mandates, protocols, and guidelines to actively reinforce the idea of protecting the environment. In the end, galvanized steel and its primary component Zinc has constantly sought to be ‘green’ because of the industry’s ability to abide and advocate standards towards efficiency and protection against risk factors. As these industries face the challenges of the 21st century, we can see a further commitment towards finding new tools and technologies that can create a better ‘green’ idea. Reference Galvanizing Cost (2008) Life-Cycle Cost Calculator. Retrieved March 8, 2009 from, http://www. galvanizingcost. com/ International Zinc Association (2008) Environmental Regulations. Retrieved March 8, 2009 from, http://www. zincworld. org/environmental%20_regulations. html International Zinc Association (2008) Zinc a sustainable resource. Retrieved March 8, 2009 from, http://www. zincworld. org/sustainable_resource. html International Zinc Association (2008) Zinc Emissions. Retrieved March 8, 2009 from, http://www. zincworld. org/emissions. html International Zinc Association (2008) Zinc: Essential for Human Health. Retrieved March 8, 2009 from, http://www. zincworld. org/zinc_health. html International Zinc Association (2008) Zinc: Essential for Man and the Environment. Retrieved March 8, 2009 from, http://www. zincworld. org/zinc_essential. html

Characters are similar throughout books Essay

Henrik Ibsen’s characters are similar throughout his books. There are pairs of characters with similarities in A Doll’s House and Ghosts. One such pair is Nora and Mrs. Alving.  Both characters were unhappily married, but had other significant men in their lives. Manders and Dr. Rank both appeared as good friends to the women. This is a similarity, but with the difference that Nora rejected one and Mrs. Alving was rejected by the other. These men helped the women through their problems however and they would do anything for them. â€Å"To have loved you as much as any one else does? Was that horrid?† (A Doll’s House, Act II, p. 40) Dr. Rank tells Nora. He is expressing that he has loved her the whole time that she thought they were just best friends.  Mrs. Alving ran away from her husband in their first year of marriage and went to Manders. She had been in love with him, but he respected the sanctity of marriage so had to turn her away. â€Å"That I was able to turn you from your outrageous intention, and that it was vouchsafed to me to succeed in leading you back into the path of duty and back to your lawful husband.† (Ghosts, Act I, p. 89)  Nora and Mrs. Alving both have children that they love very much. Nora is talking to Mrs. Linde, an old friend, when she brings up the topic of her children, â€Å"So you are quite alone. How dreadfully sad that must be. I have three lovely children.† (A Doll’s House, Act I, p. 8) Nora often brings up the topic of her children when talking, because she loves them so much and wants to tell the whole world about them. Mrs. Alving loved her son Oswald so much that she sent him away, even though it would be very painful for her, so that he wouldn’t become like his father. â€Å"It was then that Oswald was sent away. He was about seven then, and was beginning to notice things and ask questions as children will†¦ It seemed to me that the child would be poisoned if he breathed the air of this polluted house. That was why I sent him away.† (Ghosts, Act I, p. 93) She rationalizes her decision. Mrs. Alving and Nora prove that they love their children through their actions in the plays, which are often similar.  As much as Ibsen deliberately made his characters similar, he also made what happens to them different. At the end of A Doll’s House, Nora ends being the victor. She leaves her husband because it is what she wants and she knows how to get it. â€Å"Oh, Torvald, I don’t believe any longer in wonderful things happening†¦ That our life together would be a real wedlock. Good-bye.† (A Doll’s House, Act III, p. 68) With this, she leaves her house and the man she was in a loveless marriage with. Mrs. Alving does not have the same fortune as Nora. At the end of Ghosts, her beloved son is left in a vegetative state and she is left to despair over it.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Oswald! What is the matter with you! Oswald! Oswald! Look at me! Don’t you know me!†¦ I can’t bear it! Never!† (Ghosts, Act III, p. 128) A main difference in Mrs. Alving and Nora’s attitudes is that Nora left her husband when she couldn’t take it any more and Mrs. Alving waited for hers to die.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Listen, Torvald. I have heard that when a wife deserts her husband’s house, as I am doing now, he is legally freed from all obligations towards her.† (A Doll’s House, Act III, p. 67) Nora tells him. This shows that she is a stronger character than Mrs. Alving, because she actually stood up to her husband and told him that his behavior was unacceptable. â€Å"I had my little boy, and endured it for his sake†¦ I took the upper hand in the house absolutely – both with him and all the others. I had a weapon to use against him†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Ghosts, Act I, p. 92-93) Mrs. Alving shows that she took the easy way out. She could have stood up to Mr. Alving and taken her son and left, but instead she chose to go along with it, just standing in his shadow and quietly telling him that she was unhappy. The similarities that come out in the characters of Mrs. Alving and Nora are always mixed in with other situations that make them different. Ibsen wanted to prove to his audience that it wasn’t always healthy to be in a marriage and by doing this he went against the norms of society. Neither play has a so-called ‘happy ending’, because not all the characters have had their issues resolved by the end. The two plays show the different angles that he wanted the audience to be aware of, but their endings repeat a point for clarity.

Case against Illegal Music Downloading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Case against Illegal Music Downloading - Essay Example   According to the utilitarian rule of ethics, benefits of a decision should be experienced by the entire society and decisions that benefit a few while negatively impacting the overall society should be avoided as they are illegal. In the case of illegal downloading of music, those benefiting include those who download music for free and those who supply this form of illegal music, on the other hand, those who have invested heavily including the music recording companies and those who have purchased copyrights and the musicians themselves are being negatively impacted. There are even those who believe that musicians make a lot of money through concerts and brand endorsements and if the music is provided for free, it would not impact them. Although musicians make a lot of money, there is no reason why they should not benefit from the sale of their own benefit. Another reason due to which illegal music downloading should be completely banned is that it is destroying the entire music industry. It is negatively impacting those who make music as well as those who sell it. The music industry comprises of music recording companies who are privately owned organization and are operating with the primary aim of increasing their profits and the profits of their shareholders. If music continues to be distributed and downloaded in an illegal manner, the music producing companies will be ripped off their profits and there will be no motive of producing music and thus this will lead to complete destruction of music. According to statistics provided by RIAA, during the period of 2004 to 2009, around 30 billion music tracks were downloaded in an illegal manner (RIAA, 1999). Assuming that the selling price of 1 song is $1, this means that music companies lost $30 billion due to music being downloaded in an illegal manner. The main reason due to which illegal music downloading should be illegalized and should be controlled is that it will ultimately discourage musicians from m aking music and this would include those who have been making music for quite some time and even those who are yet to enter the market.     

Plato Rebuplic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Plato Rebuplic - Essay Example Book II continues with the political definition of justice. According to him justice is an application in a state to keep her citizens doing harm to one another. As a state emerges out of the needs of human being, it is also to be included with a state. The responsibilities of a state are described in details in Book III. Socrates never consents to include poetry in education because poetry misleads human being. Socrates allows only literature in people’s education. Then he suggests that education should include gymnasium. In Book IV Socrates describes, as the sole target of the State is to ensure the good for its people, the strenuous training of the citizens can be justified. He says that when temperance, courage and wisdom digress, the three principles of the souls such as passion, reason and appetite. All of them together in harmony build up justice. In line with the discussion he describes family, matrimony, community, population. He is of the opinion that a state can be an ideal state if its kings are philosophers. In Book VI Socrates describes the nobility and worth of the Guardians. He makes it clearer with the analogy of the pilot and his crew. Obviously the guardians should have a close relationship with philosophy because it will endow them with enough knowledge to identify good and justice. For him knowledge is analogous to visibility, vision and light. Book-VII deals with the allegory of Cave. The story of the Cave allegorically suggests that truth at its first encounter may seem to be dazzling and the truth speaker may be criticized who are in darkness like the prisoners of the Cave. The man who witnesses the beauty of truth must sacrifice his happiness to bring other to the way of

A critique of the delivery of holistic sustainability and potential Essay

A critique of the delivery of holistic sustainability and potential for its enhancement within the built environment - Essay Example This is in contrast with scales at distinct level construction, which have become a common exercise. By taking into account exactitudes of celebrated and currentdevelopment practice, planners and participants through the interchangesexemplifyingcohesiveviable development are guided through the design stages to mound out a holistic sustainable progress. This requires appropriate weighting of environmental, fiscal and socio-cultural ideals of the community where the urban project is proposed to be implemented (Nijkamp 2007). Environmental impact is of the utmost importance and must be sufficiently assessed because of the existence of multiple regulations protecting the environment worldwide some of which have dire consequences which can bring a construction to a standstill (Stephen 2012). Holistic sustainable construction is rising fast through public awareness and ecological construction technologies are making a halt through (Allacker et al, 2008). These changes raise questions what holistic sustainable development means and how it is being approached and interpreted at different levels. It jeopardies sustainability, which remaining an ampule notion in urban scale. In this operational phase, stakeholders are challenged with the question of what applied holistic sustainability stands for, and how it can be appraised. Urban holistic development remains uncertain. Qualitative and quantitate integrated aspects should be taken into account when contextualizing results on operational sustainability (Nijkamp, 2007). Practical ecological performance needs to be calculated (Kanler, 2007). This helps to recognize sustainability at the urban scale level in relations of all-inclusive impressions. Ecological aspects are divided into six sub-categories; building parameters, materials, energy, water, supra-building scale level and land use mobility and emissions of nuisance. These subcategories are further broken down into

You are an entrepreneur launching a new business. Explain what Research Paper

You are an entrepreneur launching a new business. Explain what marketing is and why is it important to your new business. Include the benefits of a marekting plan - Research Paper Example The initial step that marketing takes is to get prospective buyers and after this base management which is aimed at retaining the customers takes over. Base management requires the business to build and nurture relationships with the customer by improving service delivery and the quality of the products the customer needs (Tybout & Calder, 2010). Enhancing customer-business relationships enables the marketer to participate competitively in the market and this creates customer loyalty because the customer trusts that the business will be able to meet all their product needs in the best way. Customer satisfaction is paramount for any business to be successful and marketing will enable the business to know the needs of consumers since it will also involve marketing research to know the needs of the society. Marketing will enable the new business to make use of the four P’s of marketing, which will reflect the desires of the customers and the target market (Tybout & Calder, 2010). The product aspect of marketing will enable the business to determine the product desired by the market and ensuring that this product is available to the customers. Pricing will ensure that the price if the product is set at a charge that is favorable and competitive enough, thus not run the new business out of the market. The promotion aspect of marketing will ascertain that there are advertisements, publicity and sales promotion, which are aimed at promoting the brand or the new business. The last aspect of marketing is placement, which will entail making strategies of how the product will reach the target market and the channel that will be used. The four P’s are useful as they will ensure timely and effective delivery of the product to the target market and this creates customer satisfaction, which will increase sales as customers will be able to acquire goods

Information and Communications Technologies Essay

Information and Communications Technologies - Essay Example The job also requires knowledge of financial and accounting software applications, government financial regulations, the ability to analyse financial data, and prepare financial reports, statements and projections (HR Village 2007). Information and communications technologies, ICT, play a vital role in supporting the activities of organisations. ICT encompasses hardware and software products; information system operations and management processes; human resources and skills required to use ICT for the production of information; and information system development, management and control. Accountants are expected to have the required level of competence to perform the work required. ICT is one of the core competences required of accountants, even as provided in the GAAP. ICT is affecting the way in which organisations are structured, managed and operated. It is changing the nature and economics of accounting activity (Skidmore 2002). This paper takes a look at the author's personal professional experiences with ICT in the role of a management accountant, how the author's ICT skills have improved personal performance, and how these improved personal performance through the use of ICT has improved the wider organisation's performance from the perspective of management accounting. Using information technology in my profession My role as management accountant involves applying the principles of accounting to analyse financial information and prepare financial reports by compiling information, preparing profit and loss statements, and utilising appropriate accounting control procedures (HR Village 2007). To accomplish my tasks, I use several ICT applications. Standard office applications for word processing, spreadsheets and presentation graphics such as those provided by Microsoft Office are some of the ICT software that I regularly use. MS Word allows me to create professional looking reports and other communication which I can format myself or use templates available within the software. I can highlight important text with different font and typestyle options. MS Excel is also an indispensable tool because it allows me to create spreadsheets with ease. The built-in functions also provide capabilities for calculations with a formula, summarising numeric data, as well as creating graphical charts for easier visual appreciation of trends and distributions. MS PowerPoint is another software I use, especially for easy to understand presentations to management or other non-accountant groups. I can incorporate text, numbers and even graphic images to drive home the points I am trying to make. I also use MS PowerPoint when I orient accounting staff on accounting policies and procedures. I use SAP accounting software for to help me deliver accurate financial reports fast, accelerate cash flows through shorter reporting cycles and receivables, and turn information into effective execution of business strategy so that as management accountant I can be a strategic partner to the business (SAP 2008). I also use Hyperion Essbase, an online analytical processing server, OLAP, to developing custom analytic and enterprise performance management applications useful to my functions as management

Philosophy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

Philosophy - Assignment Example Therefore this distinct and clear perception of Descartes depends on assumption that the Almighty God exists, which also depends on the criteria of distinct and clear perception. It is therefore a common knowledge that what we clearly and distinctly perceive as true always exists like Descartes clearly and distinctly perceives that God exists and that He (God) cannot lie. Loeb contrasts Descartes current belief of clearly and distinct perception that something exists. Loeb compares a time when one is not able to currently perceive something a clear and distinct perception, but he/she can previously recollect a clear and distinct perception of something that existed in the past. He calls this a recollected distinct and clear perception unlike the current distinct and clear perception that has no basis at all. He therefore puts it that beliefs that are based on distinct and clear perception, as either recollected or current distinct and clear perceptions. He (Loeb) therefore, says that a current distinct and clear perception will include a current assumption and current theorems. But recollected distinct and clear perception will include recollected assumptions and theorems. This is unlike Descartes who had invoked the distinction between recollected and current theorems in his passages to the circle. It is therefore clear that any psychological doctri ne that can use recollected distinct and clear perceptions will be dislodged by the doubtful supposition, and that it will seem more acceptable because doubt is a state that can destabilize belief. (Loeb, pg 96) Again Loeb finds a problem in the Cartesian cycle that claims that the rule of knowledge of truth is a complete condition for stability of beliefs that are based on distinct and clear perceptions. This is by the supposition that claims the skeptical hypothesis as true.

The American School System Essay Example for Free

The American School System Essay Education is what keeps a society thriving; its what enables a society to thrive and create productive individuals who can keep the educational process on-going. The whole purpose of education is to enlighten us with truths, and create knowledgeable people. We must ask ourselves, what is the point of creating knowledgeable people? We answer this with a question in return; where would we be without knowledgeable people? In The Republic, Plato extensively analyzes these questions, and helps us come to the conclusion that without education, people would be as clueless as inanimate objects. We can come to the consensus that knowledgeable people are the ones who prosper in life, and overcome lifes harsh obstacles. How do they do it? They are able to do it because they have the ability to think and evaluate. We also asked ourselves where does one receive this knowledge? In todays world, one would receive it through â€Å"education. † And where does one receive the education? At school. Plato had a vision that the attaining of knowledge should be one full of thought, opposing ideas, and intricate study. With that said, I believe that Plato would not think too fondly of the current American public school system! â€Å"Unless a man is able to separate out the idea of the good from all other things and distinguish it in the argument, and, going through every test.. you will deny that such a man knows the good itself, or any other good? † Plato is saying that unless a person is able to distinguish right from wrong, he or she will not know good itself. This ties in with the role of education because education should help us achieve that according to Platos view. Education should assist us in distinguishing right from wrong, good from evil. American public schools arent doing this, and I know this because I go to one. In American schools, its all about memorizing facts, and more facts. Nowhere in between are we taught how to tell from good and evil; how to tell if were being taken advantage of. Its almost as though teachers are scared to teach us this; as though they are confined to teaching us what has been approved by others. Plato states that students and learners should be exposed to many opposing ideas. This is what creates intellectual thinkers. Because American public schools dont offer an environment where students can analyze opposing ideas to their own, Plato would not be satisfied with our educational system. Throughout his allegory, Plato talks about how dialectic is supposed to be introduced to learners in order to challenge them with opposing views and ideas. â€Å" the power of dialectic alone could reveal it to a man experienced in the things we have just went through † Plato is saying that education through the form of dialectic is the most prosperous and intellectual way to learn and teach. American public schools dont offer a lot of dialectic seminars, so Id have to say that Plato would show great disapprobation to the way American public schools are run. Hed think that American public schools are run in a very prosaic manner. Kids inputs are not really valued, resulting in students who are not very ardent towards school. This may be the explanation for why kids are dropping out of school at all-time highs. Plato would also find disappointment in American public schools due to the lack of conspiracy theories, or interfering ideas. Plato was extremely vernal about the teachings of opposing ideas, and conspiracy theories fall directly under that category. Plato would be shocked to see that students believe everything that is taught to them at schools. He would wonder if any of the students had the capacity to think for themselves, and be able to analyze data and determine according to their own accord whether it is truth of false. I know conspiracies are not being taught at American public schools for a fact because whenever I head up to a teacher to talk to them about the possibility of 9/11 being an inside job, they closed their mouths and dare not to say anything. Plato would be astonished that societys very own educators are scared to include conspiracies or other forms of opposing ideas in their teachings. Although there are quite a few reasons for why Plato might think poorly of the American public school system, theres also reason why he might praise it. â€Å"Well then, the study of calculation and geometry and all the preparatory education required for dialectic must be put before them as children.. † Plato is stating that mathematics, and other forms of calculation, are fundamental to education. In todays age, we do place a big emphasis on math. I believe that Plato would be impressed by this. I believe its safe to say that Plato would be quite disappointed with out current public school system. Hed be wondering why the system doesnt place a large enough emphasis on dialectic and the teaching of opposing ideas, or in other words conspiracy theories. I couldnt blame Plato. I agree with most of his points made. I strongly feel that schools should offer new ways of teaching, and new material to teach.

The Hegemony Of Imperial Rule English Literature Essay

The Hegemony Of Imperial Rule English Literature Essay It shall be prudent to begin by giving a brief definition of what is meant by colonial discourse before looking at the texts. Colonial Discourse the way in which the hegemony of imperial rule is conveyed within the text as a set of values, representations and beliefs that reinforce the ideology. It is a term brought into currency by Edward Said who saw Foucaults notion of a disclosure as valuable for describing that system within which that range of practices termed colonial come into being.  [1]   George Orwells Burmese Days has an array of imperialistic views which are held in opposing views with the main character, Flory, branding it the lie that were here to uplift our poor black brothers rather than rob them. Flory describes imperialism as the lie that were here to uplift our poor black brothers rather than to rob them  [2]   Colonial discourse is key within the novel which as a result raises the question of identity and binary oppositions. None more so than in the case of Flory, in one breathe an honourable english gentleman enjoying the riches his new cultures has to offer and in the next berating the dirty nigger and bathing in the relief of being out of the stink for a time.  [3]   Flory is a contradiction who is torn between his British roots and his love of the Burmese culture, this love is shown via his friendship with Dr Veraswami. Flory is the personification of Gramscis idea of Imperial ideology as he believes that the discourse providing the hegemony is right yet he faces an ideological struggle within himself due to his love of his new culture. It can be argued that due to his steadfast dedication to the British Empire, for whom he works, he is a loyal imperialist and is comfortable using and exploiting the Burmese for his own gain aswell as trying to impose his superior worth and colonise the Burmese. With his desire to do this along with integrating himself into the Burmese way of life he succeeds merely in creating a juxtaposition coupled with binary opposition that ultimately leads to his demise. Heart of darkness Heart of Darkness is part of a colonial discourse in which the African is represented by the European as savage, exotic, cannibal, primitive they did not eat each other before my face page 93 critics such as Chin Achebe in his essay An Image of Africa looked upon Conrads Heart of Darkness as a racist novel. He believed Conrad was using Africa as a prop in order to create a foil for Europe (always viewed through Europeans eyes). Achebe believed that Conrad was making generalizations about Africa, therefore also assuming that Conrad was the character of Marlow in the novel (through Marlows narration). In the novel, Achebe believed Europe came across as well developed, industrialized, and articulate while Africa was uncivilized, underdeveloped, unintelligible and animalistic The term colonial discourse was coined by Edward Syiad, it is the habit of representation as colonial posers represent cultures they encounter through imperialism. The men who work for the Company describe what they do as trade, and their treatment of native Africans is part of a benevolent project of civilization.Kurtz, on the other hand, is open about the fact that he does not trade but rather takes ivory by force, and he describes his own treatment of the natives with the words suppression and extermination:he does not hide the fact that he rules through violence and intimidation. Kurtz on the other hand shows no remorse whatsoever. He holds the absolute essential view to exterminate all the blacks. He holds the ideology of making the black race extinct. Hes a ruthless ivory trader, and arranges for the dead heads to displayed on poles. The white race use crude violence, and brute force. Very occasionally the natives show resistance, but their left largely helpless against the overpowering military control of the Europeans. They have no authority or voice. The colonists have become corrupted. They are blinded by the notion that this is their sacred duty to uphold the superiority of the colonial empire and white heritage. Through Marlow disapproval, he shows and exposes the Europeans, is equally deameaning, offensive, and undermines their superiority. flabby white devils.. Critiques immoral European behaviour. Transcends such prejudice, shows him to rise above racism. Ridicules benevolent project of civilisation. Uses an ambivalent tone to show the violent colonial enterprise. Kurtz the ultimate satanic, racist. Has the heart of darkness. However if he is showing Africa to be the reason for the deterioration of the European mans morale, it merely becomes a backdrop which eliminates the African as human factor. They have become marginalised. This marginalisation shows further through Kurtz mistress. He is racist towards her, but not so to his white woman. It can be argued that Heart of Darkness participates in an oppression of nonwhites that is much more sinister and much harder to remedy than the open abuses of Kurtz or the Companys men. Africans become for Marlow a mere backdrop, a human screen against which he can play out his philosophical and existential struggles. Their existence and their exoticism enable his self-contemplation. This kind of dehumanization is harder to identify than colonial violence or open racism. While Heart of Darkness offers a powerful condemnation of the hypocritical operations of imperialism, it also presents a set of issues surrounding race that is ultimately troubling. The noble and idealistic Kurtz situated in darkest Africa submits to alcohol, isolation and megalomania and ends up radiating darkness.  [4]   It seems improbable that a rule which now rests on avowedly upon force can endure.  [5]  E.M. Forster Critics have debated whether Conrads novel perpetuated colonialist views of the alleged inferiority of other peoples, or it questioned the entire colonial project, dissenting from colonial discourses.  [6]   In 1975 Chinua Achebe controversially denounced Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness on the grounds that it proved how Conrad was a throughgoing racist.  [7]   Fin de sià ¨cle as Marlow links britains contemporary imperialist drives to the uncivialised.  [8]  

Identity Crisis in Don Delillos White Noise Essay -- White Noise Essa

Don Delillo's White Noise is a novel set in twentieth century Middle America. The story follows the life and journey of Jack Gladney, a teacher of Hitler studies and his family through their lives invaded by white noise, the constant murmur of American consumerism. The narrative follows these characters as they struggle to live life distracting themselves from their sense of reality. White Noise explores a host of character's deep underlying fears and uncertainties that keep them from discovering and revealing their true identities. The first character I would like to discuss is the protagonist, Jack Gladney. It seems as if Jack distracts himself from discovering his own identity, without it life is a mystery to him and it makes death even more mysterious. As Jack talks to Murray about death, he states that The deepest regret is death. The only thing to face is death. This is all I think about. There's only one issue here, I want to live. (270) Jack is obsessed with his fear of the unexpected. He explains to Murry that death does not make his life more satisfying, but only filled with anxiety. Jack does not want to know any information predicting his own demise, he is afraid of finding out his own "code", as in the case of his medical report that forecasts his death. There are many indications of Jack's identity crisis throughout the story-- a more prominent one is that of his identity as a teacher of Hitler studies. It seems as if Jack is fascinated with a man so in touch with death, and when teaching he hides behind large dark glasses and... ...sulting in death, Murry considers the idea that one can become an instrument of death, by taking death into one's own hands. Murry may mask his character in a way to deflect death, but he is not afraid to take interest in the mystical concepts such as religion and science, the two sources that can cause and possibly cure death itself. Fear in a person's life can cause him or her to withdraw themself, or hide from certain situations thought to be associated with his or her underlying anxieties. In White Noise, the fear of death is a prominent factor that provokes the identity crisis these characters face. It is not until a person can face, and possibly overcome, these internal fears that one can obtain his or her true identity and understand truly who he or she really is.

Sikh Religion Essay -- essays research papers

The movie that I chose to do this report on is titled, ‘Bend it Like Beckham.’ It is about a Sikh girl who is being raised in England. This girl is confronted with a lot of issues pertaining to her culture and religion and how these both clash with the culture of England. She wants to do things that her fellow colleagues are doing, but is not allowed due to her parent’s strict respect of their religion. In the following pages, I will first explain the significance of the man on the wall in the picture. Then I will move on to cultural issues and their significance with the marriage scenes. The last section will discuss the overall reason for Jess not being able to play soccer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sikhism is a religion that was started by a man named Guru Nanak Dev around 500 years ago. He wanted to spread a simple message; â€Å"we are all one, created by the one creator of all creation.† During this time India was being split up by differing religions. He simply took no sides, yet respected them all. This is who is in the picture that resides above the mantle. He is considered the first and most important of the ten Gurus. In researching the culture of the Sikhs, I found that they treat these Gurus as Christians would treat saints. (sikhs.org) As Catholics pray to certain saints for certain things, the Sikhs do the same with their Gurus. Whenever they feel they need the help or guidance of one of the Gurus, they simply pray to them. As well as praying to these Gurus, th...

The Message in The Prince :: Machiavelli Prince

The Message in The Prince The Prince, written by Niccolo Machiavelli, is one of the first examinations of politics and science from a purely scientific and rational perspective. Machiavelli theorizes that the state is only created if the people cooperate and work to maintain it. The state is also one of man?s greatest endeavors, and the state takes precedence over everything else. The state should be one?s primary focus, and maintaining the sovereignty of the state one?s most vital concern. The state is founded on the power of its military. Therefore, a strong military is vital to maintaining the state. Machiavelli believes that men respect power, but they will take advantage of kindness. He believes that when given the opportunity one must destroy completely, because if one does not he will certainly be destroyed. The prince should lead the military, and he has to be intelligent. An effective politician can make quick and intelligent choices about the problems that constantly arise before him. He must also h ave virtue, which means he is strong, confident, talented, as well as smart. A prince cannot be uncertain, because uncertainty is a sign of weakness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fortune controls half of human?s actions, and man?s will controls the other half. Virtue is the best defense for fortune, and virtue must be used in order to keep fortune in check. The prince must take advantage of situations based solely on if it is best for the state. He should choose his decisions based on contemporary and historical examples. A prince cannot consider whether his acts are moral or immoral, and he instead must act in an unbiased manner for the state. Also, it does not matter how the state achieves its goals, as long as these goals are achieved.   Finally, regardless of the personal morality involved, the prince should be praised if he does good for the state and berated if he hurts the state. Machiavelli?s principles have widespread influence, and they are quite similar to some of Thomas Hobbes ideas in Leviathan.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Machiavelli has a very low opinion of the people throughout history.   In general, he feels that men are "ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers." "They shun danger and are greedy for profit; while you treat them well, they are yours. They would shed their blood for you ? but when you are in danger they turn against you." Machiavelli basically has little respect for the people, and he feels as though they have not earned much either.

How Vsat Network Works

How does a VSAT network work? A VSAT network has three components: †¢ A central hub (also called a master earth station) †¢ The satellite †¢ A virtually unlimited number of VSAT earth stations in various locations – across a country or continent Content originates at the hub, which features a very large -15 to 36-foot (4,5 -11m)- antenna. The hub controls the network through a network management system (NMS) server, which allows a network operator to monitor and control all components of the network. The NMS operator can view, modify and download individual configuration information to the individual VSATs. pic] Outbound information (from the hub to the VSATs) is sent up to the communications satellite's transponder, which receives it, amplifies it and beams it back to earth for reception by the remote VSATs. The VSATs at the remote locations send information inbound (from the VSATs to the hub) via the same satellite transponder to the hub station. This arrangem ent, where all network communication passes through the network's hub processor, is called a â€Å"star† configuration, with the hub station at the center of the star.One major advantage of this configuration is that there is virtually no limit on the number of remote VSATs that can be connected the hub. â€Å"Mesh† configurations also allow for direct communication between VSATs. | | |What is a VSAT? | |A very small aperture terminal (VSAT) is a device – known as an earth station – that is used to receive satellite | |transmissions. The â€Å"very small† component of the VSAT acronym refers to the size of the VSAT dish antenna -typically about 2 | |to 4 feet (0. 55-1. 2 m) in diameter- that is mounted on a roof on a wall, or placed on the ground.This antenna, along with the| |attached low-noise blocker or LNB (which receives satellite signals) and the transmitter (which sends signals) make up the | |VSAT outdoor unit (ODU), one of the two componen ts of a VSAT earth station. | |[pic] | |The second component of VSAT earth station is the indoor unit (IDU). The indoor unit is a small desktop box or PC that | |contains receiver and transmitter boards and an interface to communicate with the user's existing in-house equipment – LANs, | |servers, PCs, TVs, kiosks, etc. The indoor unit is connected to the outdoor unit with a pair of cables. |[pic] | |The key advantage of a VSAT earth station, versus a typical terrestrial network connection, is that VSATs are not limited by | |the reach of buried cable. A VSAT earth station can be placed anywhere – as long as it has an unobstructed view of the | |satellite. VSATs are capable of sending and receiving all sorts of video, data and audio content at the same high speed | |regardless of their distance from terrestrial switching offices and infrastructure. Advantages of VSAT technology As companies compete for an increasingly savvy customer looking for value (quality and serv ice), information technology and communications networks are becoming tools to achieve business goals. Today's networks must support the need to improve customer service, increase per site revenues and reduce costs (all driving net income growth) – in the most cost-effective manner possible. Further, network managers want virtual 100% availability. They need to easily expand the network when they acquire, move or add new sites to the operations.In addition, they require network flexibility – ease of migration from existing legacy systems as well as addition of new network applications as their companies offer additional services to its customers Businesses and organizations give many reasons for using VSAT networks over terrestrial alternatives. Among them are: |[p|Cost-effective | |ic| | |] | | |[p|Flexibility |ic| | |] | | |[p|Accessibility | |ic| | |] | | |[p|Availability | |ic| | |] | | |[p|Reliability | |ic| | |] | | |[p|Versatility | |ic| | |] | | |[p|Trans mission quality | |ic| | |] | | |[p|High network performance | |ic| | |] | | |[p|Fast transmissions | |ic| | |] | | |[p|Control | |ic| | |] | | |[p|Ability to handle large amounts of data | |ic| | |] | | |[p|Single vendor solution for both equipment and bandwidth | |ic| |] | | |[p|Broadcast capability | |ic| | |] | | |[p|Ability to handle Voice, Video and Data | |ic| | |] | | OVERVIEW VSAT technology is a telecommunication system based on wireless satellite technology. The term ‘VSAT' stands for ‘Very Small Aperture Terminal'. As the definition itself indicates, VSAT technology is made up of a small satellite earth station and a typical antenna of 1. 8 meter diameter. There are three components in a VSAT network. The first is called the Master Earth Station which is the network control center for the entire VSAT network.The configuration, monitoring and management of the VSAT network are done at this location. [pic] The Master Earth Station also has a large six- meter antenna, a fully redundant electronics, self-contained backup power system, and a regulated air conditioning system. This Master Earth Station is manned 24 x 7 days throughout the year. The second component is the VSAT remote earth station. This is the hardware installed at the customer's premises that includes the outdoor unit (ODU), the indoor unit (IDU) and the interfacility link (IFL). The VSAT outdoor unit consists of a standard 1. 8 meter offset feed antenna, a solid state amplifier (SSPA), a Low Noise Amplifier (LNA), and a Feedhorn.The indoor unit is a VCR-sized unit that houses the communications electronics that includes interface with the customer's equipment such as computers or telephones. The IFL consists of coaxial cables that connects the outdoor unit to the indoor unit. [pic] The third component of a VSAT network is the satellite itself. All signals sent between the VSAT earth stations are beamed through the satellite. The VSAT system uses a geostationary sate llite, which is orbiting at 36,000 km above the ground. VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) are small fixed satellite antennas that provide highly reliable communication means for data, voice and fax between almost any number of geographically dispersed sites.VSAT technology represents a cost effective solution for users seeking an independent communications network connecting a number of remote sites. VSAT networks offer value-added satellite-based services capable of supporting the Internet, data, LAN, voice/fax communications, and can provide powerful, dependable private and public network communications VSAT satellite communication provides reliable digital data communication and the use of VSAT provides the ability to expand capacity and system growth, while maintaining a handle on costs which are closely associated with the increase in capacity or system growth. VSATs are used for a wide variety of telecommunications applications, including -Internet/Intranet access -Corporate networks SCADA/Line Monitoring -Rural telecoms -Environmental Monitoring -Distance Learning -Seismic Monitoring -Telemedicine -Utility monitoring -Disaster recovery -Remote Video Monitoring -Ship-board communications Corporate companies are now utilising both terrestrial and satellite communication to connect to remote offices around the country side. The cost and security advantage of satellite bandwidth compared with some terrestrial circuits ensures that the number and diversity of VSAT networks will continue to grow in the future. The mining, construction and oil&gas industries are typical examples of applications which find advantages with VSAT.

Cell phones while driving

A cell phone isn't Just a device used for communication, but it can become a distraction while driving. Using a cellular device whilst driving can be dangerous because of the distractions they can cause. Any time a person looks down at their phone, anything can happen whether it's nothing or really bad. The main concern is car accidents. Car accidents happen all the time because of distractions that people don't think about because it doesn't seem to matter at the time. According to statistics, 11% of all fatal crashes under the GE of 20 in the US are because of drivers being distracted.Many teens in the US use their cellular device while driving. This is a much bigger problem because they're putting themselves in danger at a younger age. As a teen driver, they are mostly not as experienced and if certain incidents happen they can possibly cost their life. But overall, I personally believe that cell phones should not be used no matter what age you are. Cell phones, not only puts your self In danger, but others In the car as well as the other cars around you. A person can lose focus and risk themselves into danger with there vehicles and cause Injuries to the others.Drivers should always be aware of their surroundings because If there are other drivers who go out of control, they can always be prepared and make it out safe. If distractions, mainly cell phones, are being used, the driver Is putting themselves at risks for disaster for not paying attention. Putting yourself In danger Is bad, but putting others In danger for your actions Is much worse. All In all, cell phones being used In a car Is very dangerous. It may not seem Like It at the time, put It can be too late when an accident or an Injury occurs.

Portfolio A Systematic Collection Education Essay

As instructors we interact, work and program activities for pupils. These activities are geared to develop their acquisition, hence be aftering for pupils progress instructors need to document the development of the kids betterments on a day-to-day footing. To make this a system that is easy to utilize and one that is flexible plenty to account all or most of the activities they participate in, therefore appraisal is an umportant portion of entering advancement. Appraisal is the procedure of happening out what kids can make, what they know and the things they are interested in. appraisal besides involves all methods through which instructors can derive an apprehension of kids ‘s development and acquisition. Assessment is of import because once information is gained, appropriate activities and experiences can be implemented for continued growing in all countries of development. Appraisal comes in many signifiers, and some work better than others. The National Association for the Education of Young Children ( NAEYC ) provides assessment guidelines in its publicationA Developmentally Appropriate Practice in Early Childhood Programs Serving Children From Birth Through Age Eight. In this publication, NAEYC states that: â€Å" Developmental appraisal of kids ‘s advancement and accomplishments is used to accommodate course of study to fit the developmental demands of kids, to pass on with the kid ‘s household, and to measure the plan ‘s effectivity † ( Bredekamp, p. 13 ) . â€Å" Appraisal of single kids ‘s development and acquisition is indispensable for planning and implementing developmentally appropriate plans, but should be used with cautiousness to forestall favoritism against persons and to guarantee truth. Accurate testing can merely be achieved with dependable, valid instruments and such instruments developed for usage with immature kids are highly rare. In the absence of valid instruments, proving is non valuable. Therefore, appraisal of immature kids should trust to a great extent on the consequences of observations and descriptive informations † ( Bredekamp, pp. 12-13 ) . Portfolios Portfolio is a systematic aggregation or sample of kids work, with information associating to each kid ‘s developmental advancement which depicts the pupil activities, achievements, and accomplishments within the educational scene. As explained by Carol Gestwicki in Developmentally Appropriate Practice: Course of study and Development in Early Education, â€Å" Portfolios may incorporate aggregations of representative work of kids that illustrate their advancement and achievementsaˆÂ ¦ † and â€Å" Children are encouraged to add their ain choices of work that they feel show their advancement to the portfolios † ( Gestwicki, p. 304 ) . Portfolio promotes a positive, enthusiastic position is the statement in Janine Batzles ‘s book, A Portfolio Assessment and Evaluation: â€Å" A portfolio should be a jubilation of the kid ‘s alone abilities, accomplishments, and advancement, displayed through reliable samples † ( Batzle, p. 60 ) . There are two major types of portfolios which instructors can utilize which is procedure and merchandise portfolio. The procedure portfolio is used to document each phase of larning which provides a progressive record of pupil ‘s growing. The merchandise portfolio demonstrates command of a learning undertaking or a set of larning aims and contains merely the best work. Teachers use process portfolios to assist pupils place larning ends, papers advancement over clip, and show acquisition command†¦ In general, instructors prefer to utilize procedure portfolios because they are ideal for documenting the phases that pupils go through as they learn and advancement ( Venn, 2000, p. 533 ) . Student ‘s portfolios can take assorted physical signifiers, depending on which 1 is comfy for the instructor and the type of kid attention plan offered. They can be boxes, squeeze box files, booklets, three-ring binders, exposure albums, and or combinations and similar points can be used as receptacles for cogent evidence of advancement. Teachers can hold two containers: one for 3-dimensional samples of the kid ‘s attempts and another for signifiers and planar beginnings of information. Portfolios are an individualised manner in measuring pupils hence each kid should hold their ain portfolio. Portfolios can include many points of each kid ‘s alone involvements, besides pupils demands can be addressed harmonizing to what is included in their portfolio. Teachers can utilize exposures, drawings, colloquial notes, sound and picture recordings and observations. Photographs are taken of kids when they work on undertakings that can non be saved for future mention, like edifice blocks, modeling clay, bead threading where at times they threading harmonizing to pictured forms, and when they build mystifiers without aid. Samples of the kids ‘s work is saved in their portfolios as they are placed each kid advancement, helps the instructor and parents to derive a better apprehension of the pupil strengths and failing depending on the age and development degree of each kid. With this information from the portfolios, instructors are able to be after for future course of study. Some advantages of portfolio appraisal is where instructors can mensurate public presentation based on echt samples of the kids ‘s work, it enables instructors and pupils to portion in the duty for puting learning ends and for measuring their advancement toward run intoing those ends and portfolios can supply a procedure for structuring acquisition in phases. The disadvantages of portfolio appraisal could be hard in garnering all the necessary informations and work samples which therefore makes portfolios bulky and hard to pull off, and besides to develop a systematic and calculated direction system tends to be hard, but this measure is necessary in order to do them a random aggregation of pupils work. Systematic Observation Systematic observations are observations where instructors become really familiar with the involvements, demands, and strengths of all of the kids in their schoolrooms. With this type of observation instructors become cognizant when kids exhibit discernible forms of behavior that indicate they are fighting with larning prior to formal procedure of acquisition, every bit immature as age three ( Lowenthal, 1998 ; Steele, 2004 ) . With a tool to aim their observations, instructors can utilize systematic observation as a speedy and cost-efficient manner to find which kids might be fighting with acquisition and benefit from extra support ( Satz & A ; Fletcher, 1988 ) .A With the usage of systematic observation the instructor observes the whole category hence allow him/her to go cognizant of the pupils needs whereby the instructor can be after suitably. This type of observation agencies that decisions or readings are based on observations of the kid over clip instead than a erstwhile appraisal of a kid ‘s accomplishments and abilities.A Systematic observation is to be done when kids, are playing entirely, in little groups, in big groups, at assorted times of twenty-four hours and in assorted fortunes. Systematic observation must be nonsubjective, selective, unnoticeable, and carefully recorded ( Bertrand and Cebula, 1980 ) . Teachers are to detect the kids interacting with their environment and with others and document what they see. Some instructors use checklists, stock list, evaluation graduated table, anecdotal notes, recordings or other signifiers to enter their observations. This procedure seems to be natural and appropriate for preschool instructors because â€Å" Preschool kids demonstrate growing and larning through activity ( Worthham, 1994, p. 213 ) . The checklist or stock list is entering tools which are used for entering pupil ‘s advancement and this procedure is easier for instructors to work with. Checklist or stock list are to be based on instructional aims and the development associated with the acquisition of the accomplishments being monitored, thereby these observations should be based on regular activities, non on specially designed or contrived activities. These tools can besides include infinites for brief remarks, which provide extra information non captured in the checklist. Rating Scale is used to assist instructors and parents gather and portion information about immature kids with specific attending to features that might be early marks of larning disablements. The evaluation graduated table besides allows instructors and parents to reflect consistently on their concerns and helps them acknowledge if the kid would profit from extra support. The information gathered about the pupils across developmental spheres, which are the Perceptual and Motor, Self-Management, Social and Emotional, Early Math, Early Literacy, Receptive Language, and the Expressive Language sphere. The consequences will inform communicating and planning among parents, school forces, and others. Anecdotal notes are used to enter specific observations of single pupil behaviors, accomplishments and attitudes, these notes provide cumulative information on pupil acquisition, uncovering penetrations about the kid ‘s advancement when they are reviewed consecutive and provides way for farther direction. Anecdotal records are besides factual, nonjudgmental notes of kids ‘s activity ( Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory, 1991 ) . They are most utile for entering self-generated events. The advantages are that the perceiver does non necessitate particular preparation, and the observation can be used to concentrate specifically on the behavior of involvement. The disadvantages of this type of appraisal are that the consequences depend upon the memory of the single perceiver, and the perceiver may overlook much important behavior to concentrate on a specific behavior. Systematic observation strengths are that it is used in the natural scene of the kid ‘s schoolroom environment, the instructor can detect what causes the pupil specific behavior and topographic points minimum restraints on kids ‘s behavior and activities, leting them to act of course and exhibit their full scope of accomplishments and abilities while prosecuting in activities that hold intending for them, such as dramatic drama activities or block building ( Hills, 1993 ; Schweinhart, 1993 ) . Systematic observation besides has its weak countries where the teacher/observer may falsify information which can do them invalid, some pupils do non work efficaciously when they are being watched and they may execute otherwise. Traditional Trial Traditional appraisal ( TA ) refers to standardise proving that uses inquiries with a limited figure of reply picks. They can be multiple-choice trials, fill-in-the-blanks, true-false, duplicate, essays and some short reply responses. Students typically select an reply or remember information to finish the appraisal. These trials may be standardized or teacher-created, and may be administered locally, province broad, or internationally. Other proving methods, sometimes known as performance-based appraisal, alternate appraisal or reliable appraisal, focal point on the procedure by which a pupil arrives at an reply in add-on to the concluding response. Most standardised trials are non designed to measure the individualised growing and development taking topographic point in your schoolroom. But there are other assessment tools that do! Early on childhood pedagogues are uncomfortable with the thought of proving the immature kids they work with. This is because the traditional appraisal tools were designed chiefly for older elementary-school pupils. Children taking these trials are assessed on stray accomplishments in ways that are unfamiliar to them, and the trial consequences frequently do non reflect kids ‘s personal experiences or cognition. One of the primary benefits of traditional appraisal is the easiness in which decision makers and admittances professionals can analyse and compare pupil tonss. Standardized proving that relies wholly on quantifiable responses produces an appraisal that is easy to hit. Test shapers can categorise inquiries to find which countries pupils excel in and which they have trouble with. Students ‘ consequences are comparable over clip and across a big, diverse group of pupils. Recently nevertheless, new attacks to appraisal has been deriving credence among early childhood and primary class instructors. These are known as â€Å" public presentation † or â€Å" reliable † appraisal ; these new tools have many benefits that standardized trials do non, which are, that they consistently document what kids know and can make based on activities they engage in on a day-to-day footing in their schoolrooms. They are flexible plenty to let instructors to measure each kid ‘s advancement utilizing information obtained from ongoing schoolroom interactions with stuffs and equals. They are a agencies for bettering direction, leting instructors to be after a comprehensive, developmentally oriented course of study based on their cognition of each kid. Traditional appraisal methods have the disadvantage of missing real-world context. Students answer inquiries one by one without the demand to use long-run critical logical thinking accomplishments. They besides lack opportunities to show their logical thinking accomplishments despite a deficiency of cognition about a inquiry ‘s specific capable affair. Alternate assessment methods allow pupils to use their accomplishments and cognition within a context that more closely resembles job work outing and knowledge application in most occupations or day-to-day undertakings. Traditional appraisal besides has both advantages and disadvantages when it comes to the manner pedagogues teach. Traditional appraisal forces pedagogues to pass clip learning pupils how to pull off trials, including schemes for choosing right replies from a listed group. Alternative appraisal allows pedagogues to concentrate on critical logical thinking accomplishments, which pupils will be able to use of course to long-form trial inquiries. However, in state of affairss where alternate appraisal replaces traditional appraisal, this means instructors need to larn new methods of trial readying and schools need to develop alternate signifiers of public presentation appraisal for their pupils and instructors. Decision Appraisals are utile, effectual tools to help early childhood professionals in admiting and documenting each kid ‘s advancement. Appraisals can be alone to each kid and the contents can concentrate on each kid ‘s specific interactions with his or her environment, stuffs, equals, and instructors. Both parents and kids can work together positively. This tripartite conferencing and planning method, affecting instructors, parents, and kids, is a major end of reliable appraisal today ( Ryan, p. 2 ) . Appraisals are practical and utile for both coverage and planning. The signifier and format are adaptable to each educational plan of immature kids.

Murdered jews of europe

History and Theory Essay: Architecture and Memory: Memorial to the Murdered Jews of EuropeFirst Page Quoteâ€Å" Abstract, unfastened and inclusive commemoration signifiers appear most frequently in cases where states attempt to memorialize their ain offenses. They seem to be capable of leting both the perpetrating state and its victims to show their histories in a individual incorporate memorial, and therefore to encapsulate a new incorporate post-conflict individuality † ( Elizabeth Strakosch )IntroductionThroughout history, states have sought to exhibit societal memory of their past accomplishments whilst conversely wipe outing the memory of evildoings committed during their development. These nostalgic contemplations of historic events have been both literally and figuratively portrayed in didactic memorials, which carefully edify the events into clear word pictures of province triumph and victory. However, displacements in the discourse of twentieth century political relations have given rise to the voice of the victim within these narratives. The traditional nation-state is now answerable to an international community instead than itself ; a community that acknowledges the importance of human rights and upholds moral conditions. These provinces continue to build an individuality both in the past and present, but are expected to admit their ain exclusions and accept blameworthiness for their old exploitations. In this new clime the traditional commemoration does non go disused, but alternatively evolves beyond a celebratory memorial, progressively citing the province ‘s evildoings and function as culprit. This progressive switch in attitude has given birth to a new signifier of commemoration: the anti-monument. These modern-day commemorations abandon nonliteral signifiers in penchant of abstraction. This medium facilitates a dialogical relationship between spectator and capable whilst besides advancing ambivalency. Critically, this new typology allows the narration of the victim and culprit to entwine into a individual united signifier, a alleged move towards political damages. This essay analyses the tradition and features of historic memorials and the post-industrial development of the anti-monument. The essay surveies and inquiries abstraction as the chosen vehicle of the anti-monument, utilizing Peter Eisenman ‘s Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe as a case-study. I argue that despite its success as a piece of public art, basically, it fails to execute its map of memorialization through its abstracted, equivocal signifier.Traditional MemorialsTraditional memorials use nonliteral imagination to organize an intuitive connexion to the spectator. They use linguistic communication and iconography to show the looker-on with the province ‘s idealized perceptual experience of a important event in history. Throughout clip, these memorials have frequently outlasted the civilisations or political governments who constructed them and as a consequence their undisputed specific narrative becomes unequivocal ; all memory of an alternate narration is l ost with the passing of informants who could remember these existent events. This has the negative effect of relieving the contemporary visitant of duty for the past and fails to suit the invariably altering and varied position of the spectator. In this regard, the permanency of the traditional memorial nowadayss an unchallengeable narrative which becomes an active presence to the visitant, who is ever the receptive component.Reasons for the alteration – introduce anti-monumentHowever, events of the 20th century such as the atomic blast at Hiroshima and the atrociousness of the Holocaust altered commemorate pattern. Memorials were no longer militaristic and celebratory but alternatively acknowledged the offenses of the province against civilians. Interior designers were faced with the countless challenge of memorializing ‘the most quintessential illustration of adult male ‘s inhumaneness to adult male – the Holocaust. ‘An event so ruinous it prevents any effort to singularly enter the single victim. The new typology that emerged would subsequently be defined as the anti-monument.The anti-monumentThe anti-monument aimed to chase away old memorial convention by prefering a dialogical signifier over the traditional didactic memorial. This new memorial typology avoided actual representation through nonliteral look and written word in favour of abstraction. This move toward the abstract enabled the spectator to now go the active component and the memorial to go the receptive component ; a role-reversal that allowed the visitant to convey their ain reading to the commemoration. James E Young commented that the purpose of these commemorations: â€Å" †¦ is non to comfort but to arouse ; non to stay fixed but to alter ; non to be everlasting but to vanish ; non to be ignored by passersby but to demand interaction ; non to stay pristine but to ask for its ain misdemeanor and desanctification ; non to accept gracefully the load of memory but to throw it back at the town ‘s pess. † In this manner, James E Young suggests that the anti-monument Acts of the Apostless receptively to history, clip and memory. He besides states: â€Å" Given the inevitable assortment of viing memories, we may ne'er really portion a common memory at these sites but merely the common topographic point of memory, where each of us is invited to retrieve in our ain manner. † It is this point that basically determines the of import and necessary dialogical character of all Holocaust commemorations. ( point could be stronger here )The debut of The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of EuropeAnd so, in 1999 the Federal Republic of Germany passed a declaration to raise a commemoration to the murdered Jews of Europe. This commemoration intended to ‘honour the murdered victims ‘ and ‘keep alive the memory of these impossible events in German history ‘ . An unfastened competition selected American, Peter Eisenman as the winning designer, who proposed an expansive field of 2,711 stelae and ‘the Ort ‘ , a auxiliary information Centre. The commemoration is non merely important for its intents of recollection, but besides represents the first constructed national memorial to the Holocaust with fiscal and political support from the German Federal State.Location and relationship to immediate context.The location of the memorial itself is considered arbitrary by some, as the site has no old intension with the Holocaust or Nazism, but alternatively was a former no-mans land in the decease strip of the Berlin Wall. Whilst the commemorating power of this location may be questioned, the significance of its arrangement lies within its integrating into Berlin ‘s urban kingdom. The edge status of the memorial nowadayss a natural passage between the stelae and the paving. The land plane and first stelae sit flower to each other be fore bit by bit lifting and recessing into two separate informations that create a zone of uncertainness between. The commemoration does non admit the specificity of the site and the deficiency of cardinal focal point intends to reflect the ambient nature of the victims and culprits in the metropolis of Berlin.Feeling created – bodily experience.Within the stelae each visitant senses the memory of the victims somatically by sing feelings of claustrophobia, uneasiness and freak out within the narrow paseos and graduated table of the memorial. It was non Peter Eisenman ‘s purpose to emulate the restrictive status of a decease cantonment, but alternatively, to promote the personal contemplation of the person in their function of transporting memory in the present. â€Å" In this memorial there is no end, no terminal, no working one ‘s manner in or out. The continuance of an person ‘s experience of it grants no farther apprehension, since apprehension is impossible. The clip of the memorial, its continuance from top surface to land, is disjoined from the clip of experience. In this context, there is no nostalgia, no memory of the yesteryear, merely the living memory of the single experience. Here, we can merely cognize the past through its manifestation in the present. † In this sense, each visitant is invited to see the absence created by the Holocaust and in bend, each feels and fills such a nothingness. It can non be argued that this material battle with absence is non powerful ; nevertheless, in most cases the feeling becomes passing. Each visitant walks precariously around the commemoration, hesitating for idea and expecting the following corner. They are forced to alter gait and way unwillingly and face the changeless menace of hit at every bend and intersection of the looming stelae. It is this status, in my sentiment, that instills the feeling of menace and edginess into most visitants as opposed to the perceived connexion between themselves and the victims.Anti-commemorative: maps as art instead than a memorial.The commemoration does non give any infinite for assemblages of people and therefore inhibits any ceremonial usage in the act of memory. The aggregation of stelae is evocative of the graveyards of Judaic ghettos in Europe where due to infinite restraints ; gravestones are piled high and crowded together at different angles. Some visitants treat the commemoration as a graveyard, walking easy and mutely, before halting and layering flowers or tapers at the side of a stele. The presence of these drab grievers and their objects of recollection are one of the lone indexs that clearly place the stelae field as a commemoration. However, the objects discarded at the commemoration are ever removed by the staff, proposing the memorial be experienced in its intended signifier ; a relationship more kindred to public art instead than that of a commemoration.Rigid order – how the memorial suggests the victim and perpertratorIn Eisenman ‘s sentiment, the commemoration is symbolic of a apparently stiff and apprehensible system of jurisprudence and order that mutates into something much more profane. The visitant experiences this first-hand when feeling lost and disorientated in the environment they one time perceiv ed as rational and negotiable from the exterior. â€Å" The undertaking manifests the instability inherent in what seems to be a system, here a rational grid, and its potency for disintegration in clip. It suggests that when a purportedly rational and ordered system grows excessively big and out of proportion to its intended intent, it in fact loses touch with human ground. It so begins to uncover the innate perturbations and potency for pandemonium in all systems of looking order, the thought that all closed systems of a closed order are bound to neglect. † Through abstraction, the memorial efforts to admit both the victims and culprits in a individual, incorporate signifier. The regular grid of the memorial and its delusory portraiture of reason acknowledge the culprits of the offense: the Nazi Third Reich. Whilst viewed from afar, the stelae resemble gravestones in a graveyard, allowing the victims a marker for their life, a marker antecedently denied to them by a Nazi government who aimed to wipe out all memory of their being.How the memorial evokes memory – contrasting experiencesEisenman ‘s commemoration is concerned with how the yesteryear is manifested in the present. His involvement lies non with the murdered Jews the commemoration aims to mark, but alternatively, how the contemporary visitant can associate to those victims. In this regard, the memorial licenses recollection displaced from the memory of the holocaust itself. Eisenman wrote: â€Å" The memory of the Holocaust can ne'er be one of nostalgia. †¦ The Holocaust can non be remembered in the nostalgic manner, as its horror everlastingly ruptured the nexus between nostalgia and memory. The memorial efforts to show a new thought of memory as distinguishable from nostalgia. † The field of stelae does non show a nostalgic remembrance of Judaic life before the holocaust ; neither do they try to encapsulate the events of the race murder. Alternatively, the memorial connects with the visitant through a material battle that facilitates an single response to memory.contrast between stelae and info Centre.The stelae have the consequence of making a ghostly atmosphere as the sounds of the environing streets and metropolis are deadened, overstating the visitant ‘s uncomfortableness. However, the atmosphere is disturbed by the cheering, laughter and conversation of visitants lost in the stelae looking for one another. In pronounced contrast, the subterraneous information Centre has the consequence of hushing its dwellers. The exhibition provides a actual representation of the atrociousnesss of the holocaust, pedagogically exposing the letters, vesture and personal properties of a smattering of victims. Eisenman originally rejected the inclusion of a topograph ic point of information so that the stelae field would go the sole and unequivocal experience. However, his competition win was conditional upon its inclusion. It is my sentiment that ‘The Ort ‘ or information Centre has become the important topographic point of memory and memorialization despite being at the same time downplayed by the designer and German province. The little edifice is located belowground and accessed via a narrow stairway amongst the stelae. As with the commemoration as a whole, there is no recognition of its being or map, and as a consequence must be discovered through roving. It performs memorialization far more successfully than the stelae field by bring forthing an emotional response from the visitant. It is the lone subdivision of the commemoration where the holocaust is explicitly present ; where visitants are non removed from the horrors but alternatively confronted with them. In the dark suites the hurt of the visitant is easy gauged as they walk about solemnly as the world of the holocaust becomes perceptible. The acoustic presence of shouting and sobbing are far removed from the laughter and shoutin g in the stelae above. The exhibition features infinites where the lifes of victims are made hearable longer sentence here will assist the flow. In these suites the smallest inside informations of the victim ‘s disregarded lives are told in a heavy voice which instantly gives substance to the person and corporate loss. The visitant ‘s injury is perceptible here as the impossible statistics are non portrayed as abstract representations, but alternatively are personified. The abstract nature of the stelae and site as a whole have the affect of doing the commemoration a relaxed and convenient topographic point to be. The memorial has transcended the theory that commemorations command regard by their mere being, with the site going a portion of mundane life for Berliners as a topographic point of leisure. Many stumble on the commemoration as an empty labyrinth, a kids ‘s resort area where people walk across the stelae, leaping from one to another. They are faced with conflicting emotions between an inherent aptitude to demo regard and a desire to fulfill a self-generated demand to play. The commemoration ‘s aspiration is to enable every visitant to make their ain decision and determine an single experience, which through abstraction it achieves. However, by the same means, it facilitates a withdrawal between the person and the commemoration ‘s primary map of memorialization. The theoretical narration of the stelae field is an highly co mplex and powerful thought, nevertheless the equivocal, absent design fails to let the visitant to associate to the victims or derive an apprehension of the atrociousnesss of the holocaust. Therefore, whilst experienced in its uniqueness, the abstract stelae field fails to mark, alternatively being dependant on the didactic attack of the information Centre to let the visitant to associate to the holocaust and its victims.DecisionWhen measuring the entries for the original competition Stephen Greenblatt wrote: â€Å" It has become progressively evident that no design for a Berlin commemoration to retrieve the 1000000s of Jews killed by Nazis in the Holocaust will of all time turn out adequate to the huge symbolic weight it must transport, as legion designs have been considered and discarded. Possibly the best class at this point would be to go forth the site of the proposed commemoration at the bosom of Berlin and of Germany empty†¦ † Possibly this attack would hold finally become more pertinent. How does one design a memorial in memory of an event so impossible that in some manner does n't hold the inauspicious affect of doing it more toothsome? Possibly, as Archigram frequently insisted, the reply is non a edifice. Alternatively, the absence of a memorial delegates the duty of memorialization to the person who as carriers of memory, come to symbolize the memorial. Potentially inquiry / remark on the hereafter of the memorial.

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