Insurance Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Insurance Law - Essay Example In evaluating the extent of the risk, the insurer analyzes the breakdown of claims into different subsection; in many insurance firms, sex is a factor in the calculation of the premium. Legal bodies argue that insurance companies should not base their calculations in reference to the statistics. It is true and evident that the world’s statistics show that, male drivers, specifically young drivers experience more accidents per capita than female drivers. This means that female risk equivalent is less than that of male drivers; that is, in reference to the same area, same car, similar driving experience, and some knowledge of the environment. Below are statistical records in reference to males and accidents: In evaluating the extent of the risk, the insurer analyzes the breakdown of claims into different subsection; in many insurance firms, sex is a factor in the calculation of the premium. Legal bodies argue that insurance companies should not base their calculations in referen ce to the statistics. It is true and evident that the world’s statistics show that, male drivers, specifically young drivers experience more accidents per capita than female drivers. This means that female risk equivalent is less than that of male drivers; that is, in reference to the same area, same car, similar driving experience, and some knowledge of the environment. Below are statistical records in reference to males and accidents:1. Men are likely to perpetrators of fatal accidents 3 times higher than women.

Economic and Financial Committee Essay Example for Free

Economic and Financial Committee Essay This letter is to address the widening gap between the rich and poor in developing nations, and how globalization policies create a situation that lessens that gap. In many developing countries there is simply a poor class and a rich class. Developed nations are characterized by the presence of a middle class. The middle class bridges the gap between rich and poor, and when developing nations can create a fully functioning middle class within their societies, the contrasts between rich and poor seem to deplete. In a viewpoint essay edited by Debra Miller (2008) entitled â€Å"Globalization Promotes Democracy Both Directly and Indirectly† this concept is demonstrated. The premise of the article is that globalization efforts create an economic and entrepreneurial middle class who then demand and facilitate democratization in developing countries. As a matter of policy, economic reform, through globalization, should precede democratization. For example glasnost in Russia, or democracy and freedom before economic reform, proved to be unsuccessful. While in China economic reform before political change has proven to be an effective policy. The conclusions of Jagdish Bhagwati, Columbia University economics professor and U. N. advisor, demonstrate the process of bridging the economic and class gap. A small farmer in India used the internet to take his crops to both local and international markets. This tool of globalization gave him the freedom to control prices, as well as supply and demand. This increased economic independence and experience of personal control often translates into political aspirations that eventually lead to policies that bridge the economic gap in such countries. The internet is just one tool of globalization. As your committee examines the conditions and policies of other developing nations, it is imperative that you consider the process of globalization that leads to economic reform that leads to democracy. Policies and initiatives must focus on supplying developing nations with the tools of globalization, particularly access to international trade opportunities, that have a direct impact on the individual’s economic and financial situations. As these individuals transform into an economic middle class, they will take action in the social and political affairs in their nations that will, in turn, create a more democratic society that will provide better economic opportunities for all citizens. Reference Globalization Promotes Democracy Both Directly and Indirectly. (2007). In Debra Miller Current Controversies: Globalization(). Detroit: Greenhaven Press. 5 May 2008, Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center via Gale: http://find. galegroup. com/ips/start. do? prodId=IPS Respectfully Submitted,

Slavery: A Building Block in the Foundation of Americas History Essay

Slavery was present preceding the European discovery of the Americas. It was limited to the conquered people of the indigenous nations and it was not widespread. This situation changed with the arrival of Europeans, as they possessed modern weapons with which they were able to overtake the most formidable segments of native tribes. Sickness introduced to the indigenous tribes by the Europeans reduced the enslaved population to the point that new workers were needed. A slave trade was brought into existence by this need. Slaves were still gathered from indigenous tribes, but they were supplemented with African slaves brought by ship. These events helped to forge the Americas into the prosperous cultures they eventually became. Slavery influenced culture during the revolutionary period with the beginnings of racism, this culture change initiated lawmaking concerning race, which started with the first emancipation around 1780. How these two topics were molded until the 1850's, and have remained present in the modern era of our lives will be proven in the following essay. The word racism is a term used to describe the believed differences between people of different colors, because of traits, morals, or intellectual prowess. These perceived differences cause a racist person to treat a person of color in ways that would be unaccepted by most people in their own race. [1] This practice, racism, was initiated in the 17th century to promote or justify the use of slaves in what was to become the United States. Racism is justified by many means including the bible, science, and hypothetical theories. A widespread religious following in the Americas became the basis for acceptance of racism using the bible for justification. It ran into... ...hudacoff, Fredrik Logevall, Beth Bailey, and Debra Michals. A People & A Nation: A history of The United States and A More Perfect Union. Mason, Ohio: Cengage Learning, 2010. [3]. Goldenberg, Amy Production Editor. RACE Are We So Different?. Arlington, VA: American Anthropological Association , 2010. http://www.understandingrace.org/history/gov/expan_slavery.html. (accessed March 20, 2012). [4]. Valbrun, Marjorie. "Rewriting the Script Won’t Change the Facts in the Trayvon Martin Case." Slate.com. April 2, 2012. Accessed April 12, 2012. http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2012/04/02/trayvon_martin_zimmerman_s_black_friend_and_hispanic_defenses_won_t_work_.html. [5]. Olafson, Steve. "Tulsa Shootings Evoke City's past Racial Violence." Reuters News Service. Accessed April 10, 2012. http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/04/11/us-usa-crime-tulsa-idUSBRE83A02J20120411.

Heidi Roizen/ Building a Network Essay

In my opinion Heidi Roizen’s network is one of her greatest assets. â€Å"While other people use networks to build their business, Heidi’s business is networking. She’s very effective and uses her network to add real value.†, Randy Komisar commented on the article. Her networking skills are extremely efficient. She is really good at blending her professional with her personal networking. She always grabs the nucleus people of a network and then keeps in touch with all the people in that network. And another strength that makes Roizen’s networking successful is that she understands and pays more attention on the win-win relationship which is a core factor that differentiated her skills from others. Her style includes an unpretentious, down- to-earth, and positive personality which played an important role for her success. Additionally, as mentioned on the article by Royal Farros â€Å"Heidi is a pro at turning a brief conversation into one of substance, by contributing one or two unique ideas in a short period of time. That helps make the conversation memorable.† The downside of Roisen’s networking is that they are thousands of people that know her and in some cases people may feel they have a relationship with her, and therefore request her time for meetings. There are also some weaknesses in her networking. Her networking lacks more diversity. According to the article, she always invites the people to her party that have known half of any other people attend the party. That could potentially lead to a result that she can meet less people at one time, she could miss some important talents and opportunities. Also her networking really focuses on companies and people mostly bases in the Silicon Valley. In order to build her networking, Roizen has taken several steps. She begun building relationship with members of the press and she also attended several industry conferences and events. Later on she also decided to join the board of the Software Publishers Association (SPA). The article also mentioned that she gets motivation to get to know good-quality and talented people and be friends with then. She also knows that she is placing a bet by investing so much time in these people, but many of her bets paid off for her in the past. Additionally, she acknowledges that is easier to meet people when they are not famous, and off course it would be easier for her when they become famous because she would already have a relationship with them. And she spends a long-term effort on performance and consistency during and after each interaction to maintain a better and long living network. I think Heide should diversify more her network and try to create strong connections with leaders from other industries a besides technology and venture capital. Also because of the breath and depth of her network, she will constantly have people reaching out for her, so in my opinion she will have to be more selective of her time and people who she will interact with, and most important she will have to say no to some people. Additionally, she should probably balance more her life and reduce the number of industry events or gatherings hosted by her, which according to the article she already initiated this process. I would like to reinforce my arguments in this paragraph with something that Roizen mentioned in a news article, â€Å"At the close of my life, I’d like to look back and know that I got — and delivered — good value out of living. I’d like to know that I took advantage of the opportunities that I was blessed with for myself and my family. I want to know that I created good balance in my life, enjoyed it, lived well and enhanced the lives of others in the process.†

Diversity and Cross Cultural Differences in Work places Essay

Diversity and Cross-Cultural Differences in Workplaces Introduction            Different people have different mental structures due to the diverse type of personality and cultural background. The study of psychology has enabled people to know about the mental functioning of others making it easier individuals and groups to understand one another. Since people must interact in the day-to-day activities, there is need to harmonize this differences and create an environment where every member feel a sense of belonging. Psychological counseling plays an important role in preparing individuals to be more appreciative the cultural and personality difference existing between people. Psychology counseling is a field of psychology focusing on the personal and interpersonal working and on the emotional, social and health related issues of individuals and groups of people. This paper addresses issues arising from interaction of people with differences culture and behaviors. It also focuses on criminal investigation process in the psychological perspect ive.            Key words: psychopathology, personality, behavioral therapy, individualistic, diversity Diversity and Cross-Cultural Differences in Workplaces            Every individual is characterized by a unique pattern of thoughts, behaviors and feeling that contribute to individual’s psychological structure. Despite the fact that each individual is unique in personality resulting in diversity in peoples’ way of lives, people have always found themselves in crowds- be it in schools, places of worship, or any other social, political or economic gathering. Leininger and McFarland (2006) writes that the need to coexist in harmony compels persons to sometimes subordinate individual goals so that they can accomplish the goals of a group. Those individuals who are not mentally ready to accept the cultural and personality diversity between different people often find it hard to coexist with others.            Psychopathology has enabled counseling psychologist to understand the various aspects of one’s mental structure including genetic and biological issues. Psychologists are able to identify people who undergo atypical or disordered development from those with normal or typical development. It is paramount for coworkers to be aware of their colleagues’ mental structure so as to engage in the right way with them. This is crucial for the creation and maintenance of a healthy and productive working environment that is composed of persons with diverse personalities. In such a set up where workplace colleagues have to cope with different personality traits, one may find it hard to maintain a stable mental behavior and physical emotions and may suffer from maladjustment in case one is in a new environment. Counseling psychologists help such persons to alleviate distress and improve their wellbeing (Woolfe & Dryden, 1996). They also provide patients with assess ment and treatment of psychological issues.            Through behavioral analysis, one is able to systematically analyze another person’s or one’s own behavior so as to know cause of certain behaviors and consequently improve social interaction. Bad behaviors can be corrected or good behaviors adopted or through behavioral therapy. This is a method that is used bypsychotherapists and psychiatrists to treat mood disorders an anxiety usually caused by variables such as; social phobia, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and bipolar disorder. According to Lesilie (2008), behavioral treatment techniques include;Role playing, discussing about coping mechanisms, breathing and relaxation method, activities to promote focus, modifications to anger, pain or fear, social skills training, positive reinforcement.            These methods focus on individuals shaping their behavior to cope with the environment. When individuals with behavioral disorders try to change their behaviors to suit that required in the workplaces, they often find themselves struggling to relate with the others and this leads to seclusion and isolation. On the other hand behavioral therapy should focus aiding individuals acquire control over their own behavior and blending it with the requirements of the workplace. This is important because one manipulates the environmentand learns to control their own behavior without compromising their personality which is vital for maximum productivity. With one’s own personality, the reception of stimuli and the response is not affected and therefore there are no negative consequences influencing the next occasion in the brain (Lesilie, 2008).            Persons who find it hard to conform to workplace ethics due to cultural mismatches should set standards for assessing their own performance and progress in behavioral therapy. Techniques such as self-management, self-control and self-regulation are used to monitor one’s progress (Woolfe & Dryden, 1996). Behavioral modification procedures are not procedures to punish those people with different behaviors but they are techniques to eliminate non-conforming working behaviors and also facilitate cross-cultural understanding. The make the workplace to feel better and builds a sense of satisfactory. For psychologists to offer the relevant advice to a person suffering from mental disorder, they must first find out the patients’ personality and understand how they think, feel, relate, influence and get influenced by others.            For applied social psychologists to attend to a patient they must try to adopt the personality of the patient so that they can employ the best techniques to treat a patient without affecting the patients personality. In this perspective the psychologist is able to develop development strategies that are aimed at improving the important aspects, programs and policies for the patient to have a positive recovery. Psychologists should aim at eliminating the negative attitude that a patient may have towards colleagues or the workplace. This is aimed at improving intercultural understanding and to offer a neutral platform where no culture is viewed as less or more important than the other. With cross-cultural understanding people will tend to be more committed to working together improving productivity.            Nevertheless, cultural competence is healthy for the growth of an organization that comprises of people from diverse cultures (Leininger & McFarland, 2006). This should not be overshadowed by the tendency to express cultural superiority over others but should demonstrate the ability to effectively engage in cross-cultural dialogues without intimidating or negating another person’s culture. This requires one to appreciate social psychology and be in a position to balance between positive and negative criticism on another person’s culture. Since not all people are equipped with the understanding of social psychology, training on cultural competence should be conducted to avoid such problem from arising. Some cultures are individualistic while others are communists and this play a big role in defining how coworkers exist. This necessitates the need for effective cross-cultural team-building and training.            As colleagues engage in affairs of the workplaces, each and every one of them is entitled to a certain opinion which one would like to support. If such a situation gets tense, certain body changes occur such as breathing rates and emotional changes if certain people are intimidating others for decisions to go their way. Such a phenomenon may result in one becoming uncontrollable or violent. Biological psychology is concerned with balancingwhat the mind is processing and the effects it has on the body. It analyses how ones behaviors and thoughts are affected by the brain and neurotransmitters. Various neurotransmitters have different effects on the body. For instance, neurotransmitter dopamine is responsible for movement and learning. Varying quantities of excess or too little of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the body results in disorders such as schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease respectively. (Woolfe & Dryden, 1996).The comprehensive nature of bio-psy chology encompasses diversity and cross-cultural aspects of an organization. A bio-psychologist will reconcile individuals or groups of people that are not in agreement resulting in abnormal behaviors. When addressing such a conflict a bio-psychologist figures out in which area of bio-psychology the problem is. The following are the main areas of bio-psychology; sensation and perception, emotion, learning and memory, motivated behavior and control of movement (Woolfe & Dryden, 1996). Through these areas, bio-psychological problems and concerns are addressed.            Another area of psychology is the forensic psychology – an area that deals with the relationship between psychology and law. When a crime occurs, a criminal investigative process takes place in order to determine the offender, motive and to allow the right punishment if any to be given to the offender. The investigation involves investigative psychologist who explores the relationships between the offender and the nature of the crime that has been committed. The investigation process has the following major areas; investigating the crime, gathering evidence, use of technology, search and seizure, arresting and charging the offender who may also undergo detention and interrogation (Simon, 2012). Throughout this process forensic psychologists are involved as they help to establish a connection between an offender and the crimes committed. Essentially the forensic psychologist offers the following services during investigation process: evaluating the risks of r eoffending by the offender, child custody evaluation, recommending the length of the sentence to be handed to the offender, competence evaluation and testimony as an expert witness.            Simon (2012) says that throughout this period from crime commission to when the sentence is passed, a forensic psychologist will engage with the suspected offended in an attempt to get insight on the motive behind the offence. In some cases, the offender may be suffering from a mental disorder and it is the duty of the psychologist to psychological expertise to provide analysis and recommendations in the criminal case. In addition a psychiatrics’ examination is required to determine whether the offender/suspect suffers from a mental illness an opinion that is taken to be of very high value by the court since it might require the court to charge the offender as a mentally challenged person and this also influences the type of prison the offender is to serve the sentence. In conclusion psychological is an aspects great and delicate influence on the diversity and cross cultural differences existing in workplaces. Coworkers should work towards enhancing intercul tural understanding and acceptance. References Leininger, M.M. & McFarland, R.M. (2006). Culture Care Diversity and Universality: A Worldwide Nursing Theory. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett. Lesilie, C.J. (2008). Principles of Behavioral Analysis. Hove, UA: Psychology pr.Simon ,D. (2012). In Doubt. The Psychology of the Criminal Justice Process. Cambridge, CB: Havard University Press.Woolfe, A, & Dryden, W. (1996). Handbook of Counseling Psychology. Oxfordshire, OS: Carfax International Publishers. Source document

Racism Essays - National Hockey League, Ice Hockey, Helmets

Racism Essays - National Hockey League, Ice Hockey, Helmets Racism SHOULD THE NHL MAKE THEIR PLAYERS WEAR MORE PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT PROTECTIVE GEAR EQUALS SAFETY IN THE NHL The NHL should force their players to wear protective gear. Three reasons why protective gear should be worn are: one, it would prevent physical injuries; two, the players would set a good example for the future generations; three, it would take away from the negative aspects of the game. Protective gear helps a somewhat violent game remain as clean as possible. Wearing protective gear would prevent physical injuries in hockey. There were many hockey players who have worked hard all of their lives to become professional hockey superstars and when they finally got to the NHL, they become injured and were forced to watch the game instead of playing in it. An example of this is Brett Lindros. At the age of sixteen, the New York Islanders drafted Brett in the first round of the entry draft. He played his first NHL game against the Buffalo Sabers when he was eighteen years old. One year later, on February ninth, his whole life came crashing down on him. His lifelong dream to win a Stanley Cup had come to an end. He was hit with a thundering bodycheck into the boards and was knocked unconscious. Soon it was discovered that Brett had a history of concussions that dated back to when he was sixteen years old. The collision forced him to retire at the age of nineteen and spend the rest of his life pondering what was now the fact that he would have to quit in order to live. What actually happened was, when he was hit against the boards, his head hit the glass and that impact forced him to collapse and fall to the ice. This gruesome injury could have been avoided if Brett was wearing an approved helmet. The helmet that he was wearing at the time of the injury had no foam on the inside. That foam helps absorb the impact of a blow to the head. If he had been wearing one, there would have been a huge chance that he could have left the ice with only a mild injury instead of a career ending one. Another example is Brian Berard. His whole career came to an end on March the eleventh when he was playing against the Ottawa Senators. Marian Hossa was taking a slapshot and Berard fell to the ice to block the shot. When the puck was shot, the end of Hossas stick struck Berard in his eye. The blow caused a 20-millimeter cut across the eyeball, detached the retina, sliced off the lens, and caused other problems.2 Brian Berard is only twenty-two years old and is forced to finish his career because of his health. All of which could have been avoided if he had been wearing a visor on his helmet. If he had been wearing a visor, Hossas stick would have just bounced off the plastic and Berard would still have blocked the shot. If the league enforces the use of approved equipment, the kids will hardly ever read about injuries on the ice and therefore they wont have a fear in the back of their heads when playing hockey. When the children play hockey in the minor leagues they are forced to wear approved gear. So, if the NHL creates the same rule, these kids will find it easier to adapt to professional hockey when they are drafted because they are already used to wearing the equipment. Another example of players setting a good example for the future generation of hockey players is Pavel Bure. Pavel Bure is a role model who wears a visor and kids want to play hockey just like him. When children watch their favourite hockey players play hockey wearing protective equipment, the children tend to mimic the behavior of the players and therefore wear protective equipment themselves while playing hockey. Pavel Bure sets a great example by wearing the visor because he is showing the children that you can be a superstar and you can be safe at the same time.He also makes it a habit to show the kids that safety is an important issue when playing

The Likely Manifestations of Terrorist Act Globally Essays

The Likely Manifestations of Terrorist Act Globally Essays The Likely Manifestations of Terrorist Act Globally Essay The Likely Manifestations of Terrorist Act Globally Essay The likely manifestations of terrorist act globally Its nature and spread by 2030-2035 Statement of the job: This paper aims to sketch major hereafter tendencies in terrorist act and through this, predict the hereafter of terrorist act with a position to analyze the pendulumic displacement from State sponsored terrorist act, to non-state histrion groups, back towards new province sponsored terrorist act for Radical Militant Islamic Groups ( RMIGs ) . Aims: 1. Show the manifestation of RMIGs off from decentralized leading and back to centralise leading staged from anarchic countries in bing state provinces. 2. Show the menace this poses to the marks of these RMIGs Hypothesis: As military and jurisprudence enforcement forces have begun to take away the safe oasiss for RMIGs, the menace will switch as these groups: settle into anarchic provinces set up their ain authoritiess, inhabit weak provinces by intimidating and corrupting the current authorities to supply sanctuary within the province boundaries, and finally out-breed the current people in non-Islamic provinces past bulk population and so vote in anti-western Islamic provinces with purposes to back up terrorist act. Chapter 1 Introduction The Menace from Terrorism There are really few worlds in the universe today who have non had their lives altered or affected in some manner through terrorist Acts of the Apostless or the menace from terrorist act. The extremely publicised terrorist onslaughts in the United States, London, Madrid, and Mumbai were seen worldwide and have lead to sweeping alterations in the security positions of many western and developed states, every bit good as to a multi-nation war in Afghanistan. For those that have non felt the direct effects by losing person near to them, there are many life changing after-shocks have had planetary range and therefore have effected about everyone. Every individual who uses public transit, drives in a plane/train, or crosses an international boundary line will experience the effects of international terrorist act through immensely increased security steps. Terrorism has changed foreign policy for many states and has lead to wars. [ 1 ] In all, terrorist act is rewriting the geopolitical ma p as we see it now and in the decennaries to come, will go on to alter the universe as we know it. Extremist Militant Islamic Groups There are many faiths and political cabals that have terrorist cells. In fact, in this twenty-four hours and age, one would be hard pressed to happen a state or faith that does non hold some signifier of cardinal or radicalized terrorist group in its thick. Groups adopting panic find roots in Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism and Hinduism. [ 2 ] This being said, in recent times, the most unsafe menace to western and developed states comes from the Radical Militant Islamic Groups. These Muslim Militants have non merely local and national range, but can project their influence regionally and even globally ( as seen with Al Qaeda and Hezbollah ) , and therefore will be the focal point of this thesis. Switching Littorals: Since as far back as history day of the months, there has been war between peoples. Sometimes these peoples were equally matched, and the conflicts pitted big ground forcess against one another. Yet at other times, the odds were to a great extent in favour of one side, and the lesser of these groups had to fall back to non-traditional warfare to bring down losingss on their enemy. Sometimes these onslaughts were focused on the enemy s military, and sometimes these onslaughts were focused on the people of the enemy state. The enemies could be state vs state or sometimes they were state vs a non-state histrion group. The pendulum has swung back and Forth throughout history as to what is the root of terrorist groups. With the outgrowth of Al Qaeda we have seen that in the present twenty-four hours the non-state histrion terrorist groups have taken centre phase, though this may be about to alter. Attempt to foretell the hereafter This paper engages the chance of foretelling the hereafter of planetary terrorist act. This is achieved by analysing the history of the beginnings and conceptual alterations of terrorist act over old ages past and current tendencies of terrorist act as seen through the informations available from the terrorist act bookmans of today. Though terrorist act is non a wholly Muslim phenomena, this paper will concentrate on terrorist act from Radical Militant Islamic Groups, as this is the most prevailing signifier of terrorist act seen in the present twenty-four hours. It will try to put out the development of terrorist act to give some footing for a reappraisal of the current most of import tendencies in terrorist act. It will discourse the beginnings of ethno-nationalist ( or province sponsored ) terrorist act and farther discourse how this has morphed into the new multinational ( or non-state histrion ) terrorist act of today. Finally the paper will put the phase for the anticipation of a hereafter displacement back to province sponsored terrorist act and sketch the grounds why this is traveling to happen. Chapter II Development of Terrorism Historical Rootss Quotation mark here about terrorist act s history and importance Pre-Modern World: first Century BC to the thirteenth Century The history of terrorist act is every bit old as worlds preparedness to utilize force to impact political relations. A first century Jewish group known as the Sicarii murdered their enemies and Roman confederates in their run to throw out the Roman swayers from their fatherland in Judea. [ 3 ] The Hashhashin, whose name gave us the English word bravos, were a close Islamic religious order active in Iran and Syria from the 11th to the thirteenth century. [ 4 ] Their dramatic blackwashs of rival political figures terrified their coevalss. [ 5 ] Zealots and bravos were non, nevertheless, terrorists in the modern sense. It can be argued that terrorist act is best idea of as a more current phenomenon. Its features stem from the international system of national sovereignty or nation-states, and its success depends on the capableness to keep a loyal dedicated following to transport out operations and the ability to publicise their violent Acts of the Apostless ( or menace of violent Acts of the Apostless ) to distribute fright among the mark people. [ 6 ] 1793: The Origins of Modern Terrorism In 1793, following the Gallic revolution, Maximilien Robespierre instigated a reign of panic on those who opposed the Gallic revolution. [ 7 ] Insert a image of Robespierre with his quotation mark below This reign of panic is conventionally known as the place of birth of the word Terrorism. [ 8 ] ( The term Terror comes from a Latin word intending to scare ) . Robespierre, one of 12 caputs of the new province, viciously had his enemies killed, and installed a absolutism to stabilise the state, warranting his methods as necessary to transform the state into a democratic province, stating: Subdue by terror the enemies of autonomy, and you will be right, as laminitiss of the Republic. [ 9 ] Robespierre s sentiment is the anchor in the beliefs of many modern terrorists, who consider force the best and most efficient manner to acquire to their desired result. As decennaries passed, the classification of terrorist act as a province action has blurred, as the thought of terrorist act as an onslaught against an bing political order became more outstanding. fiftiess: The Rise of Non-State Terrorism Terrorism in the 1950 s got its start from the guerrilla warfare tactics popular with many seditious groups of the clip. This rise of guerilla tactics by non-state histrions in the last half of the 20th century was due to several factors. These included the flowering of cultural patriotism ( e.g. Irish, Basque, Zionist ) , anti-colonial sentiments in the huge British, Gallic and Dutch imperiums, and new political orientations such as communism. In close recent times, terrorist groups with nationalist dockets have sprung up in every portion of the universe. For illustration, the Irish Republican Army grew from the desire of Irish Catholics to organize an independent democracy, and interrupt their ties with Great Britain. [ 10 ] Similarly, the Kurds, a distinguishable cultural and lingual group in Turkey, Syria, Iran and Iraq, have sought national liberty since the beginning of the twentieth Century. [ 11 ] The Kurdistan Worker s Party ( PKK ) , formed in the 1970s, use terrorist tactics to intimidate the authorities of Turkey and highlight its end of an independent Kurdish province. [ 12 ] The Sri Lankan Liberation Tigers of Tamil, though late brought down by the Sri Lankan Military, used self-destruction bombardment and other deadly tactics to pay a conflict for independency against the Sinhala bulk authorities. [ 13 ] seventiess: The International Turn of Terrorism International terrorist act came to the head as a outstanding issue in the late sixtiess, when highjacking of big airliners became a favorite maneuver. In 1968, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine became the first group to commandeer an aircraft. [ 14 ] Twenty old ages subsequently, the bombardment of Pan Am flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, shocked the universe. [ 15 ] The epoch besides gave us our contemporary thought of terrorist act as extremely theatrical, symbolic Acts of the Apostless of force, were carried out by organized groups with specific political grudges as was brought out in Munich in 1972. The bloody events at the 1972 Munich Olympics were politically motivated when the Palestinian group Black September, kidnapped and killed Israeli jocks fixing to vie in the games. [ 16 ] Black September s political end was to convey international attending to help in the dialogue for the release of Palestinian captives held by Israel. [ 17 ] The violent Acts of the Apostless in Munich radically changed the universe s ideas on, and handling of, terrorist act, and it was at this point when the footings counter-terrorism and international terrorist act entered the political duologue. [ 18 ] ninetiess: twenty-first Century: The Rise of Religious Terrorism Though an statement can be made that the rise of sacredly motivated terrorist act got its modern twenty-four hours get down in Iran and Afghanistan to counter the political issues of the Shah and the Soviet Union, it came to the head with many extremely seeable A ; violent Acts of the Apostless committed during the 1990 s. Groups that justify their force on Islamic evidences Al Qaeda, Hamas, and Hezbollah semen to mind first. But Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism and other faiths have given rise to their ain signifiers of hawkish extremism. [ 19 ] In recent old ages RMIGs have taken centre phase for their astoundingly violent Acts of the Apostless perpetrated against the people of non-Muslim civilizations. Chapter III Tendencies in Terrorism Quotation mark here about tendencies in terrorist act or past terrorist act or anticipation of terrorist act Major Changes are Ahead There are major alterations coming to terrorist act in the old ages in front. These alterations can be seen from the tendencies of today, and will basically change both the terrorist menace to aim states and the footings on which we must contend the war against RMIGs. The top tendencies that will act upon the alterations in Terrorism Globally are summarized below. Birthrate rates will take Western Countries to come under Islamic regulation In contrast to the underdeveloped universe, many industrialized states are presently, or will shortly, see birthrate rates below the replacing degree and hence important diminutions in populations, excepting the effects of in-migration [ 20 ] . This means the population of developed states will fall from 14 per centum of the entire universe population in 2000, to merely 10 per centum in 2050. [ 21 ] By 2015, the work force in Japan and much of Europe will be shriveling by 1 per centum per twelvemonth. By the 2030s, it will contract by 1.5 per centum yearly. [ 22 ] Militant Islam continues to turn in both rank and power It has been clear for old ages that many Islamic states face terrible jobs with spiritual extremists who are dedicated to progressing their political, societal, and ideological positions by any agencies necessary. [ 23 ] About all of the Muslim lands are overcrowded and short of resources. Many are hapless, salvage for the oil-rich provinces of the Middle East. [ 24 ] Virtually all Islamic states have big unemployed populations of immature work forces, who are often attracted to violent anti-western extremist motions and the chumminess and position that fall ining one of these groups brings. [ 25 ] During its proxy war with the Soviet Union in Afghanistan, the United States extensively equipped the Muslim extremist substructure by providing it with money, weaponries, and, above all, preparation. [ 26 ] We see a similar error today in Iraq as the war in that state has inspired a new coevals of Jihadists, who have been trained and battle-hardened in the turning insurgence. In a now-declassified National Security Estimate, the American intelligence community concluded that Al Qaeda was more powerful in 2007 than it had been before the alleged war on panic began-more unsafe even than it had been when i t planned the onslaughts of September 11, 2001. [ 27 ] The Terrorist Ranks Are Turning The station 9/11 invasion of Afghanistan that lead to the unseating of the Taliban government deprived Al Qaeda of a safe oasis, striking a major blow against the planetary terrorist motion, yet by neglecting to follow up on that success efficaciously, much of the benefit that should hold been gained from that first measure in the war has been lost. Additionally, with the invasion of Iraq, Al Qaeda and its sympathisers now have a new cause around which to beat up their existing forces and, more significantly, enroll new 1s. [ 28 ] As a consequence, the menace from RMIGs is now turning stronger, non weaker. [ 29 ] The grounds that supports this belief is voluminous. Upwards of 30,000 foreign combatants are believed to hold infiltrated into Iraq, where they are now deriving experience and contacts that will function them good in future runs against their western or western supported enemies. [ 30 ] In kernel, Iraq is now functioning the map of the preparation and vetting centre for pla netary terrorist act that Afghanistan provided in the 1980s. [ 31 ] Though the war in Iraq did function to liberate a people from a ruthless dictator, it is now constructing a skilled, disciplined, and good affiliated terrorist cell that will ramify out to the far reaches of the Earth. [ 32 ] At the bosom of the Middle East fundamentalist motion are the wahabists of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia has late been forced to ordain a plan designed to maintain Muslim work forces from traveling to Iraq to pay war against the alliance forces in a planetary jehad. [ 33 ] The Wahhid ( the dominant Muslim religious order in Saudi Arabia ) , has stated that fall ining the jehad is the Muslim adult male s second-greatest responsibility, after traveling to Mecca. [ 34 ] The Wahhid is prophesying that able bodied work forces must contend in Iraq, so that they can return and contend for fundamentalist Islam in Saudi Arabia. [ 35 ] In this manner, the foundation for terrorist cells are built which are independent of Al Qaeda but resolutely committed to the same aims. Examples of this have been seen in the Madrid railroad bombardments which were carried out by a semi-independent terrorist cell based in Morocco whose members cited the invasion of Iraq as one inspiration for their attempts. [ 36 ] In Britain, the London metro bombardments in 2005 were the work of a little, independent set of British citizens inspired by Al Qaeda. [ 37 ] In France and Australia, governments have arrested a figure of Western converts to Islam, many of whom are believed to hold joined Al Qaeda or associated organisations since the invasion of Afghanistan. [ 38 ] A study by Gallic intelligence functionaries estimates that there were between 30,000 and 50,000 such converts, and by deduction, possible terrorists, in France entirely. [ 39 ] It is clear that RMIGs have important understanding among Europe s Muslim population. The Gallic public violences of October and November 2005 affected at least 20 metropoliss in that state, ensuing in 2,888 apprehensions, and touched off lesser force in Belgium, Denmark, Greece, the Netherlands, Spain, and even Switzerland. [ 40 ] Saudi Arabia financess an extended web of spiritual schools, from New York to Pakistan. [ 41 ] Saudi governments have admitted that every bit much as 10 per centum of the course of study in those schools contains material sermon hatred of other faiths, the West, and the United States. [ 42 ] At times, those schools have gone so far as to organize their discourses to present similar anti-Western messages in far-distant venues. In a survey in 2003, Dr. Borik Zadeh, of the Battelle Institute, found that mosques in Ohio, London, Frankfurt, and Paris delivered about indistinguishable discourses in the same hebdomad, the cardinal message of which was blessing of the planetary war against the West. [ 43 ] In Pakistan, where Saudi Arabia s Wahhabi motion supports 1000s of madrassas, the call to jehad is even more ardent. Those schools are enrolling extremists, pumping money and combatants into Iraq and Afghanistan, and methodically constructing a nucleus of extremists that will prosecute the jehad against the West for coevalss to come. [ 44 ] They are most unsafe in their mark countries: Saudi Arabia, Australia, Europe, and to a much lesser extent the United States, which is protected by distance and the much smaller size of its Muslim population. [ 45 ] Persons from Europe and the Middle East are absorbing the extremist credo, traveling to Iraq and larning to contend, and returning to their ain states. France, Great Britain, Denmark, Saudi Arabia, and excessively many other lands are now place to revolutionists with all the rights of citizens. RMIGs Will Gain Access to Weapons of Mass Destruction It must be assumed that tomorrow s terrorists will do every attempt to guarantee that they have more than unconventional sums of conventional explosives with which to do their violent point. [ 46 ] Pakistan s atomic arms are in the custodies of a delicate corrupt authorities surrounded by extremists who view the atomic arms as Islamic Bombs . [ 47 ] Pakistan represents by far the greatest chance for manque atomic terrorists to go atomic terrorists. If Moslem extremists can non derive entree to stolen arms from the former Soviet Republics, they may shortly be able to obtain them from Islamabad. Thankfully, this seems non to be a warrant that terrorists will utilize atomic arms against the possible western marks. RMIGs will most probably receive big, difficult to hide, low-yield devices that will be hard to smuggle to their mark. Though one can be certain that terrorist organisations will seek anyhow, other arms of mass devastation ( WMD ) look to be a much more likely option. Clouds of toxic gas or incompletely weaponized bacteriums could happen their manner into New York City, London or Paris. Even more likely is the chemical arm menace. As the Nipponese cult Aum Shinrikyo, demonstrated in a Tokyo metro in 1995, chemical arms are available to basically anyone who wants them severely plenty to set in a modest attempt to do or purchase them. [ 48 ] The Home Grown menace from Muslim extremists is on the rise A 1994 terrorist act survey by the US Department of Defense predicted that by 2020 a bulk of the universe s most of import Muslim lands could be controlled by extremist spiritual authoritiess. [ 49 ] The West should anticipate more violent and more legion Acts of the Apostless of terrorist act for the following 20+ old ages. [ 50 ] Europe faces a important homegrown Muslim extremist menace right now, and the United States may besides in the following 2-3 decennaries. [ 51 ] Thanks mostly to moving ridges of in-migration since the 1980s and a birth rate that is the highest in the universe, Islam is the fastest-growing faith in the universe, to include both Europe and North America. [ 52 ] Extremist churchmans in Europe are enrolling immature Moslems to the cause of jehad against the places they were born and raised in. [ 53 ] Beyond that, for the first clip, an Islamic state, Pakistan, has atomic arms. As antecedently mentioned, Muslim extremists view this engineering as an Muslim bo mb that could be used to advance their revelatory political orientation, doing atomic terrorist act a realistic menace. This menace will turn as Iraq, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, and other states set up fundamentalist governments that are willing to endorse the cause of jehad against the West. Saudi Arabia is good on the way to be taken over by a fundamentalist government, and to try to prorogue this, the Saud household will go on to supply more support to extremists and enterprise to direct the RMIGs attending to the West. [ 54 ] The overthrow of the Taliban in Afghanistan and the war in Iraq have strengthened the planetary Jihadist motion, given them a preparation land and built up the contacts for future terrorist Acts of the Apostless. The spread between the Have s and the Have Not s will go on to increase The turning spread in wealth between the rich and hapless states looks as if it will further destabilise the universe order, go oning to promote prospective RMIGs in the less developed states to agitate force against the rich in their ain states, or when available against western marks. This lifting spread in wealth within many comfortable states has the possibility to put off discontent among the less well-off, perchance assisting to animate random force and Acts of the Apostless of domestic terrorist act in the West. The turning spread in wealth and income between the rich and the hapless besides may animate transition to Islam in the West, chiefly among the underprivileged. As seen in England and Australia, this can be a beginning of violent extremism among both immigrant and native populations. [ 55 ] Population growing is highest in those states least able to back up the growing The greatest birthrate rates are found in those states least able to back up their existing populations: the largest population additions projected between 2000 and 2050 include the Palestinian Territory ( 217 per centum ) , Niger ( 205 per centum ) , Yemen ( 168 per centum ) , Angola ( 162 per centum ) , the Democratic Republic of Congo ( 161 per centum ) , and Uganda ( 133 per centum ) . [ 56 ] The Muslim universe is reproducing at an highly high rate, with birthrate rates of 7.5 in Afghanistan, 6.0 in Yemen, and 4.9 in Iraq. [ 57 ] Harmonizing to the Center for Strategic International Studies ( CSIS ) , of the jutting 2.7 billion more people in the universe in 2050, approximately 40 per centum will populate in sub-Saharan Africa and 30 per centum in the Muslim universe. [ 58 ] Even these estimations appear to be on the low side. Harmonizing to CSIS, most official projections underestimate both the birthrate rates and age of mortality, every bit good as doing the premise that life anticipation will turn more easy in the hereafter, which seems improbable as universe health care merely continues to acquire better. Turning Western prosperity relative to other states with quickly turning populations and bowed down economic systems will go on to do the developed states a mark for terrorist act. Deficits of nutrient could assist to actuate extremism unless the industrialised states make a determined, seeable attempt to supply for the universe s hapless. ( As much nutrient will necessitate to be produced in the following 40 old ages as has been produced in the universe since the morning of clip ) . [ 59 ] Urbanization, will go on to increase quickly Harmonizing to the Population Reference Bureau s 2006 World Population Data Sheet, Forty-eight per centum of the universe s population presently lives in metropoliss. By 2030 that figure is expected to turn to 60 per centum, as about 2.1 billion more people move to the universe s urban centres. [ 60 ] In industrialised states, on norm, more than three-quarterss of the population lives in metropoliss. [ 61 ] In North America, urbanisation is the highest at 79 per centum, but metropoliss are turning fastest in the underdeveloped states of the universe. [ 62 ] By 2015, at the current growing rate, there are estimated to be 59 megacities in the universe ( metropoliss with over 5 million people ) , 48 of them in less developed states. [ 63 ] Of these, 23 will hold populations over 10 million, all but four in the development lands. [ 64 ] Right now, there are about 1 billion people who live in urban countries who lack equal clean H2O, shelter, lavatories and hygiene countries, and/or electricity. [ 65 ] The jobs this raises with mention to offense, force, and spiritual extremism is readily evident. Concentrating the hapless, laden and powerless in big cloistral urban centres produces conditions ideal for the spread of offense and the type of spiritual extremism that lends itself to viol ent political orientations. Chapter IV Old Terrorism Quotation mark about province sponsored terrorist act Old Terrorism Ethno-nationalist or Ideological, and province sponsored Is there a difference between terrorist act and legitimate tactics used by governments that exploit fright and panic? States frequently resort to force to act upon sections of their population, or rely on coercive facets of province establishments. [ 66 ] There are those who equate any usage of authorities power directed at the population, in any signifier, as terrorist act, but this point of view blurs what should and should non be considered terrorist act, as it elevates the result over the purpose. Suppression of a public violence by jurisprudence enforcement forces may in fact expose some of the population ( the rioters and some guiltless looker-ons ) to force and fright, but with the purpose to protect the larger civil order. On the other manus, maltreatment of the right of legitimized force by the governments is a offense. Governments will, at times, involve themselves in terrorist act to carry through their aims or transport out the desires of single swayers. Internal security forces can utilize panic to assistance in quashing dissent, and intelligence or military organisations may execute Acts of the Apostless designed to do panic to foster a province s policies. A authorities that is an antagonist of Country B may use panic tactics in an attempt to do up for existent or sensed insufficiencies in conventional warfare capablenesss. Repression through panic of the autochthonal population of their ain state would take topographic point to forestall internal dissent and rebellion that Country B might work. Particular Operations forces, paramilitary forces and province intelligence assets could carry on terrorist operations against Country B involvements both inter-regionally and as far abroad as their capablenesss allow to destabilise Country B and convey coveted visibleness to the sponsoring authorities s issues. Finally, onslaughts on Country B on their place dirt could be executed by province sponsored terrorist organisations or by domestic placeholders. This is being seen today in Iraq with the Persian engagement to destabilise Iraq and kill alliance military mans, every bit good as Pakistan s attempts to destabilise the Jammu and Kashmi r part of India. The four different ways that provinces can prosecute in the usage of panic Governmental or State panic State engagement in panic State sponsorship of terrorist act Turning a blind oculus to the harboring/funding of panic groups in their boundary lines Governmental or State panic Governmental or State panic is usually seen when a authorities terrorizes its ain population to command or quash them. These actions are about ever with the cognition of the authorities and are portion of the policy ( written or unwritten ) of the authorities. They will do usage of official organic structures such as the armed forces, constabulary, intelligence, bench or other authorities bureaus. Changes can be made to the legal system which license or promote violent death, anguish, or belongings confiscation/destruction in chase of governmental desires. As an illustration of this, after presuming power, official Nazi policy was aimed at the deliberate devastation of province enemies ( viz. the Jewish community ) taking to the ensuing bullying of the remainder of the population. [ 67 ] Stalin s purges of the 1930s is a farther illustration of prosecuting the machinery of the province to terrorise an full population. The methods he used included such actions as trials of his o ppositions who were found guilty of some trumped up charge, penalizing household or friends of suspected enemies of the government, and utmost extra-legal usage of constabulary or military force against the population. [ 68 ] In more recent times, Saddam Hussein used chemical arms on the Kurdish population of Iraq. [ 69 ] These arms were non used against the bulk Muslim population in the southern 2/3 of Iraq, where he accomplished his ends utilizing conventional province panic methods. State engagement in panic State engagement in panic includes the activities where authorities forces execute operations utilizing panic tactics that are directed against other states involvements, persons or private groups that have opposing or controversial opinions/actions viewed as counter to that of the province. In kernel, it is terrorist act under official countenance, although such mandate is seldom acknowledged openly. Historical illustrations include the Soviet and Persian blackwash runs against dissenters who had fled abroad, and the North Korean and Libyan intelligence secret agents blowing up international airliners. [ 70 ] Another type of State engagement in panic are the decease squads or personal ground forces s used for unofficial actions taken by province functionaries or lesser ranking members of a government ( such as members of constabulary or intelligence organisations ) against their ain population to quash or intimidate. While these functionaries do non claim the executing of such act ivities, and in fact usually seek to mask their engagement, it is frequently clear that they are moving with province consent. Keeping such activities unofficial permits the governments to keep a degree of plausible deniability and avoids the necessity of altering legal and judicial procedures to warrant subjugation, therefore denying the international community a bridgehead to step in. A farther signifier of province engagement in panic is pro-state panic, which is conducted by groups or individuals with no official standing and without official encouragement. While pro-state panic may ensue in positive results for the governments, their employment of condemnable methods ( normally violent ) and deficiency of official standing in governmental processs can ensue in disclaimer and penalty of the terrorists, depending on the morality of the government in inquiry. State sponsorship of terrorist act State sponsorship of terrorist act, besides referred to as province supported terrorist act, represents a state of affairs when authoritiess provide supplies, preparation, and other signifiers of support to non-state terrorist organisations. One of the most fruitful facets of this support is the providing of safe oasiss for terrorists organisations. [ 71 ] These safe oasiss give the terrorist leading a opportunity to be after, develop and decently fit their overzealous cells. [ 72 ] Another critical service a province patron can supply to terrorist organisati

Private School Teacher Recommendations

Private School Teacher Recommendations Teacher recommendations are an important part of the  private school admissions process. These assessments schools to hear from your teachers, the people who know you best in the classroom environment, in order to get a better idea of what you’re like as a student. The idea of asking a teacher to complete a recommendation may be intimidating to some, but with a little preparation, this part of the process should be a breeze. Here are some common questions, along with the information you need to prepare your recommendations:   How many teacher recommendations do I need? Most private schools will require three recommendations as part of the admission process, even if you complete one of the standard applications. Typically, one recommendation will be directed to your schools principal, head of school, or guidance counselor. The other two recommendations  are to be completed by your English and math teachers. Some schools will require additional recommendations, like science or a personal recommendation. If youre applying to a specialty school, like an art school or a sports-focused school, you may also be asked to have an art teacher or coach complete a recommendation. The admission office will have all of the details you need to ensure that you complete all the requirements.   What is a personal recommendation? A great characteristic of private school is that your experience goes beyond the classroom. From arts and athletics to living on dorm and being involved in the community, who you are as a person is just as important as who you are as a student. Teacher recommendations showcase your academic strengths and areas in need of improvement, as well as your personal learning style, while personal recommendations cover life beyond the classroom and share more information about you as an individual, a friend and a citizen. Remember that not every school requires these, so dont be concerned if its not an option when you apply.   Should my teachers complete my personal recommendations, too? Personal recommendations should be completed  by an adult who knows you well. You can ask another teacher (not the same teachers completing the academic recommendations), a coach, an advisor, or even a friend’s parent. The goal of these recommendations is to have someone who knows you on a personal level speak on your behalf. Perhaps you’re looking to play in a  private school athletics  program, have a strong passion for  art, or are regularly involved in community service activities. Personal recommendations can tell the admission committee more about these endeavors. In these cases, its a good idea to pick either a coach, art teacher, or volunteer supervisor to complete the personal recommendation. Personal recommendations can also be used to share information about areas in which you need personal growth, which isn’t a bad thing. We all have areas of our lives to improve, whether it’s your ability to get places on time, a need to not overcommit yourself to activities or the ability to keep your room clean that you need to work on, private  school  is the perfect environment in which to grow and gain a greater sense of maturity and responsibility. How do I ask my teacher or coach to complete a recommendation? Some students can get nervous when it comes to asking for a recommendation, but if you take the time to explain to your teachers why you’re  applying to private school,  your teachers will most likely be supportive of your new educational endeavor. The key is to ask nicely, make it easy for your teacher to complete the application (guide them through the process) and give your teachers plenty of advance notice and a set deadline to submit. If the school has a paper form to complete, be sure to print it out for your teacher and provide them with an addressed and stamped envelope to make it easier for them to return it to school. If the application is to be completed online, send your teachers an email with a direct link to access the recommendation form and, again, remind them of a deadline. It’s always nice to follow up with a thank-you note once they have completed the application.   What if my teacher doesnt know me well or doesnt like me? Can I ask my teacher from last year instead? The school to which you’re applying needs a recommendation from your current teacher, regardless of how well you think he or she knows you, or if you think they like you. The goal is for them to understand your mastery of the materials being taught this year, not what you learned last year or five years ago. If you have concerns, keep in mind that some schools will give you the option to submit personal recommendations, and you can ask another teacher to complete one of those. If you are still concerned, talk to the admission office at the school youre applying to in order to see what they recommend. Sometimes, they will let you submit two recommendations: one from this years teacher and one from last years teacher.   What if my teacher is late submitting the recommendation? This one is easy to answer: Don’t let this happen. As the applicant, it’s your responsibility to give your teacher plenty of notice, a friendly reminder of deadlines and to check in to see how its going and if they have completed it. Don’t pester them constantly, but definitely don’t wait until the day before the recommendation is due. When you ask your teacher to complete the recommendation, make sure they clearly know the deadline, and ask them to let you know when it’s done. If you haven’t heard from them and the deadline is approaching, about two weeks before it’s due, do another check in. Most schools today also have online portals where you can track the progress of your application, and you can see when your teachers and/or coaches have submitted their recommendations.   If your teacher recommendations are late, make sure you immediately contact the school to see if theres still time to submit. Some private schools are strict with deadlines and will not accept application materials after the deadline, while others will be more lenient, especially when it comes to teacher recommendations.   Can I read my recommendations? Most simply put, no. One reason why you have to work closely with your teachers to ensure they submit the recommendations on time is that teacher recommendations and personal recommendations are all typically confidential. That means, the teachers need to submit them themselves, and not give them to you to return. Some school even require recommendations to come from the teachers in a sealed and signed envelope or via a private online link in order to make sure the confidentiality of it is preserved. The goal is for the teacher to give a full and honest review of you as a student, including your strengths and areas in need of improvement. Schools want a true picture of your abilities and behavior, and your teachers honesty will help the admission team decide if you are a good fit for their  academic program, and in turn, if their academic program will meet your needs as a student. If teachers think youre going to read the recommendations, they might withhold important information that could help the admission committee better understand you as a scholar and a member of your community. And keep in mind that the areas in which you need to improve are things that the admission team expects to learn about you. No one has mastered every aspect of every subject, and there’s always room to improve. Should I submit more recommendations than requested? No. Plain and simple, no. Many applicants mistakenly think that stacking their applications with dozens of really strong personal recommendations and extra subject recommendations from past teachers is the best way to go. However, your admission officers don’t want to wade through dozens of pages of recommendations, especially not ones from teachers in elementary school when youre applying to high school (believe it or not, that happens!). Stick with the required recommendations from your current teachers, and if requested, choose the one or two individuals who best know you for your personal recommendations, and stop there.

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Operations And Supply Chain Management - Essay Example Sydney is one of the most famous metropolitan, multi-ethnic, and cosmopolitan cities in Australia that comes under the location in the southeast portion of Australia. Moreover, it is considered one of the largest cities in Australia with a population of more than four million residents, which has also been popular for being a vivacious, dynamic, and lively city. It is a very diverse city with respect to its population where people of Australian, English, Scottish, Irish, and Chinese heritage are the usual inhabitants. Moreover, people from various other countries such as United Kingdom, Italy, New Zealand, Philippines and few other are also migrated and live as the natives of Sydney.The topography of Sydney, Australia reveals the truth that locality comes under the surrounding by several national parks, coastal regions that incorporate rivers, bays, and beaches. Furthermore, it has also involved itself in sports activities and events and hosted quite a few out of them. The climatic c onditions of Sydney demonstrate the fact that it usually has a moderate and self-controlled climate with warm summers and mild winters; however, the city experiences the rainfall all over the year (Robinson & Bachman, 2000).One of the leading and vital reasons to open up the chain of hypermarket in Sydney is due to the reason that it has come under-recognition in the world rankings for its economic innovations. Moreover, Sydney contributes a huge proportion of the total GDP of the country. According to the statistics, Sydney has also gained the reputation as a worldwide center for commerce, arts, culture, music, and quite a few other aspects. Sydney has become a hub for the multinational corporations and top organizations including banks and shopping malls. Moreover, Sydney has become a place with major worldwide brand name labels (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2000). Therefore, it can come to the conclusion that the cream of the crop people is mainly the residents of Sydney. According to the information and facts of Sydney, it is significantly one of the most expensive cities in the world with a very high cost of living. However, this is one of the crucial reasons

Compare and contrast modern conservatism and modern liberalism Essay

Compare and contrast modern conservatism and modern liberalism - Essay Example The paper tells that one of the major requisites of the comparative analysis of modern conservatism and modern liberalism is a thorough understanding of the underlying principles of both these ideologies. In an attempt to classify the major arguments of modern conservatism, one may recognize that the body of opinion called conservatism does not have a clear-cut dogma or ideology. Rather than a system of ideological dogmata, it is mainly a body of sentiments which upholds the attitude we call conservatism. As Russell Kirk remarks, â€Å"Perhaps it would be well, most of the time, to use this word â€Å"conservative† as an adjective chiefly. For there exists no Model Conservative, and conservatism is the negation of ideology: it is a state of mind, a type of character, a way of looking at the civil social order.† However, a clear understanding of the major tenets of modern conservatism suggests that it is an ideology which shows respect for the institutions of law, Consti tution and the rights of the people. Although it has changed many of the traits of true conservatism, modern conservatism has played a crucial role in the equality, liberty, justice, and education of the people in the modern states. This fact is clear from Russell Kirk discussion of the ten principles that have loomed large during the two centuries of modern conservative thought, and he specifies that the conservative understanding of justice, education, etc have similar significance in the modern world. ... Rather than a system of ideological dogmata, it is mainly a body of sentiments which upholds the attitude we call conservatism. As Russell Kirk remarks, â€Å"Perhaps it would be well, most of the time, to use this word â€Å"conservative† as an adjective chiefly. For there exists no Model Conservative, and conservatism is the negation of ideology: it is a state of mind, a type of character, a way of looking at the civil social order.† (Guide, pg. 40) However, a clear understanding of the major tenets of modern conservatism suggests that it is an ideology which shows respect for the institutions of law, Constitution and the rights of the people. Although it has changed many of the traits of true conservatism, modern conservatism has played a crucial role in the equality, liberty, justice, and education of the people in the modern states. This fact is clear from Russell Kirk discussion of the ten principles that have loomed large during the two centuries of modern conser vative thought, and he specifies that the conservative understanding of justice, education, etc have similar significance in the modern world. In his comparison of the ideologies of modern conservatism and modern liberalism Russell Kirk considers that the former has more relevance than the latter. According to him, the great line of demarcation in modern politics is between the ultimate principles of these ideologies: â€Å"on one side of that line are all those men and women who fancy that the temporal order is the only order, and that material needs are their only needs, and that they may do as they like with the human patrimony. On the other side of that line are all those people who recognize an enduring moral order in the universe, a constant human nature, and

Operations And Supply Chain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Operations And Supply Chain Management - Essay Example Sydney is one of the most famous metropolitan, multi-ethnic, and cosmopolitan cities in Australia that comes under the location in the southeast portion of Australia. Moreover, it is considered one of the largest cities in Australia with a population of more than four million residents, which has also been popular for being a vivacious, dynamic, and lively city. It is a very diverse city with respect to its population where people of Australian, English, Scottish, Irish, and Chinese heritage are the usual inhabitants. Moreover, people from various other countries such as United Kingdom, Italy, New Zealand, Philippines and few other are also migrated and live as the natives of Sydney.The topography of Sydney, Australia reveals the truth that locality comes under the surrounding by several national parks, coastal regions that incorporate rivers, bays, and beaches. Furthermore, it has also involved itself in sports activities and events and hosted quite a few out of them. The climatic c onditions of Sydney demonstrate the fact that it usually has a moderate and self-controlled climate with warm summers and mild winters; however, the city experiences the rainfall all over the year (Robinson & Bachman, 2000).One of the leading and vital reasons to open up the chain of hypermarket in Sydney is due to the reason that it has come under-recognition in the world rankings for its economic innovations. Moreover, Sydney contributes a huge proportion of the total GDP of the country. According to the statistics, Sydney has also gained the reputation as a worldwide center for commerce, arts, culture, music, and quite a few other aspects. Sydney has become a hub for the multinational corporations and top organizations including banks and shopping malls. Moreover, Sydney has become a place with major worldwide brand name labels (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2000). Therefore, it can come to the conclusion that the cream of the crop people is mainly the residents of Sydney. According to the information and facts of Sydney, it is significantly one of the most expensive cities in the world with a very high cost of living. However, this is one of the crucial reasons

Organizational Theory Design and Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Organizational Theory Design and Change - Essay Example Creativity deals with ideas going beyond the boundaries of technology, social norms, knowledge and beliefs. When these three elements combine in an organization, then creative destruction takes place in which old companies which use old conventional methods are thrown out of the competitive market and business and new industries emerge as a result. When an organization follows such strategies that encourage the entrepreneurs to utilize their creativity in developing new products or in improving the efficiency of the older ones, then they come up with new innovative ideas and hence new product with increased efficiency is introduced in the market which better address the needs of the clientele. This not only boosts the organization’s integrity but also add to its stability. Thus, these three elements are interrelated with each other and are considered to be vital for knowledge-creating organizations because such organizations needs innovation at all levels put forward by the cr eative entrepreneurs. This increases the entrepreneurs’ expertise, and guarantees the organization’s growth and increased productivity that eventually attracts clientele, results in better product outcomes, and creates good reputation in the market. Works Cited Jones, G. Organizational Theory Design and Change. NJ: Prentice Hall, 2009.

Red Snapper Fishing Regulations Essay Example for Free

Red Snapper Fishing Regulations Essay Recommendation to implement different regulations on Red Snapper fishing. Many people like myself, look forward each year to the overly exciting fishing season to catch the beloved snapper. Season dates along with size and possession limits are nothing new to the fisherman; but when a council decides to shrink a fishing season that is normally a month long down to a meager 9 days it can be heart breaking for many. Maintaining the support and sustainability of these fish is an extremely important task, that no one disagrees with, but when almost taking away the season, in its entirety, one can alter many people’s plans, hobbies, and ways of life. I plan to propose an alternant way to preserve and maintain the ecosystem of these fish while providing adequate and fair regulations for all. The purpose of this report it to persuade the fisheries councils to address the current issues that stand with recreational snapper fishing. I will provide statistics and also analyzed data that I have gathered to conclude as to what the best option is to solve these problems. Current Situation: The amount of anglers in the Gulf of Mexico rises every day with more wanting to catch snapper. For the length of my life there has been regulations to maintain these fish, while they did a great job to preserve life and keep the angler happy, the recent change as of 2014 does not. Many know that these certain fish can, mostly, be found in deeper waters near structure, such as reefs and oil platforms; and also many know that there are numerous organization and petitions to keep old, unused oilrigs standing in the gulf because of their ability to maintain and abundance of wildlife beneath. With more conservation to help these fish thrive why did the councils decide to shrink the season dates from a previous 30+ day season to a minute 9 days when there are other councils also participating to help the numbers of fish? With this drastic change in regulation many anglers, who, in years previous, fished for these snapper, found that it was not worth the time and money it requires to go after them. (Boat Launch) With a limit of 2 per person per day, a 9-day season simply makes no sense. The council did warn the public that the season would be shorter this year, but no one expected it to be a number in the single digits! The federal management of red snapper is based on the numbers coming out of the entirety of the Gulf of Mexico instead of by location, such as state waters. Now that the federal red snapper season has been set at a ridiculously low nine days it reiterates the fallacy of the current federal management of this great fishery. This system cannot be tweaked or incrementally improved. It needs to be totally overhauled; the management of the recreational red snapper fishery needs to be transferred to the states where we can do quality stock assessments and set reasonable seasons commensurate with the biomass that is in the Gulf of Mexico’’, says Alabama Marine Resources Director Chris Blankenship. (Gulf) When states want to take matters into their own hands without any federal management or help, the issue at hand has become quite serious. The councils responsible for negotiations and attributing propositions to the federal  regulation of these fisheries must undertake a new stand and take responsibility in order to serve the public fairly and justly. I believe a simple solution that will help this situation has been previously used for another species of fish. When speaking to Dr. L. Gleeson of the Coast Conservation Association he stated, â€Å" When we passed the motion to decrease the minimum size of Speckled Trout it was because after years of increased conservation we noticed that the population of the species was up about 75%, so we felt that we could maintain good numbers while pleasing the fisherman with a smaller legal size.†(Red Snapper) A simple maneuver that decreases the minimum legal size of the Red Snapper would do just as most want. It could keep the possession limit to 2 per person but allow more anglers to participate in the fishery by allowing the smaller snapper at the shallower oil rigs to be harvested instead of requiring anglers to spend the money and time that it takes to travel the extra nautical miles to the deeper rigs to find the larger, legal snapper. The CCA had its reservations when lowering the minimum legal size for trout but after research of the species for 5 years now the evidences provides belief that the population has not decreased, and spawning has remaining at equal levels. Certainly, you may have questions and reservations as well, but with all of the excess help to regulate and maintain the red snapper fishery there should be no question that this is an effective way to balance the support and establish a new regulation strategy for the recent years to come. I believe if this system were implemented soon we would see related results within the same time frame of a few years, if not shorter. Since there is no season dates for speckled trout, the off-season for red snapper would show normal spawning numbers with no decrease in population. This maneuver is focused mainly on maintaining fishery numbers while improving angler satisfaction and participation. Methodology: I have conducted personal interviews, researched numerous articles online,  and created an online survey in order to support my methodology. My first step was talking to a few strangers at the boat launch who frequently fish for snapper. The questions I asked mainly focused on the topic at hand, more specifically if they agree with the shorter season. While asking questions personally to peer anglers I found that 9/10 people did not fish for snapper this year because of the heavily regulated and shortened season. Most set out in hopes to catch snapper at least twice in a season, but with this 9 day season most couldn’t due to scheduling and time constraints. Many would also like to see an overhaul of the regulation entirely. (Boat Launch) I then created an online survey that I dispersed via Facebook and had numerous random individuals answer the questions at hand regarding this issue. In order to be sure that my data wasn’t skewed or distorted I asked that only individuals who were licensed recreational anglers take my survey. Of the 20 that took my online survey more than 16 actually pursue snapper and of those individuals all of them disagree with the ruling of the federally regulated 9-day season. (Tompkins) Also while searching for related articles online, I found numerous sites with multiple articles of disgust on the issue, multiple reports of upset anglers, and forums filled with questions asking â€Å"why†, the council made this act. (Gulf) Closing: I would like to say that the Gulf of Mexico Fisheries Management Council does a great deal to protect our waters and all that swims in it. We, as fisherman, appreciate every effort that the council puts forth in order to maintain and regulate the hobbies and lifestyles that make us who we are! Although we understand certain procedures and acts, this one, in particular, does not seem to advance any goals set forth by the council and the communities that it represents. This proposal aims to reconsider that previous acts set towards the red snapper fishery, or to reconcile the  change all together. As I do understand that this will take time to make these amendments I am willing to do my part and donate whatever necessary to make actions towards this. Thank you for your consideration of my proposal. If you have any questions please feel free to contact me via cell phone at Works Cited Survey: . â€Å"Red Snapper Season 2014.† SurveyMonkey.com. June 18, 2014 In Text: (Tompkins) Interviews: â€Å"Boat Launch†. Greenough, C. Watson, James. Thompson, Paul. Personal interview. June 21, 2014 In Text: (Boat Launch) interview: â€Å"Red Snapper†. Gleeson, Dr. L. Personal Interview. June 24,2014 In Text: (Red Snapper) Website: â€Å"Gulf Recreational Red snapper season reduced to 9 days.† AL.COM. Web. May 14, 2014. http://www.al.com/sports/index.ssf/2014/05/gulf_recreational_red_snapper.html In Text: (Gulf)

Recruitment And Selection Construction Business Commerce Essay

Recruitment And Selection Construction Business Commerce Essay Since the company is a construction business, there are two offices one is the on site office and the other one is the main office. The recruitment and selection process is majorly carried out for the main office. The different posts for which recruitment is carried out are for the different departments such as marketing, human resource, finance and functional departments. The company does not carry out recruitment process on a timely basis; it is conducted as and when an employee leaves the organization or when a new position is recognized in the organization. Recruitment and selection Recruitment is the premier major steps in the selection process in the Organizations. It has been explained as an activity directed to obtain appropriate human resources whose qualifications and skills match functions of the relevant posts in the Organization. Its importance cannot be over-emphasized and can also be best described as the heart of the organization. Recruitment and selection process starts when a vacancy becomes available in an organization. The major differences between recruitment and selection is highlighted below Recruitment Selection Is the process of searching the candidates for employment and inspiring them to apply for jobs in the organization It Involves the series of steps by which the candidates are screened for  choosing the most suitable persons for  vacant posts The basic purpose of recruitments is to create a talent pool of candidates to enable the selection of best candidates for the organization, by attracting more and more employees to apply in the organization. The basic purpose of selection process is to choose the right candidate to fill the various positions in the organization Recruitment is a positive process i.e. encouraging more and more employees to apply . Selection is a negative process as it involves rejection of the unsuitable candidates. Recruitment is concerned with tapping the sources of human resources Selection is concerned with selecting the most suitable candidate through various interviews and tests There is no contract of recruitment established in recruitment Selection results in a contract of  service between the employer and the selected employee. Recruitment and selection is a 10-step process. These steps are illustrated in the following table Companys process The human resource department of the company carries out the following process for recruiting and selecting new employees. Every time an employee holding high post decides to leave the firm, the director of the company with the help of human resource department sits down to analyze the structure of the organization and studies whether any change is required. Change could be in the form of clubbing different job responsibilities or whether it is necessary to recruit a new employee. If there is a change in the structure, the employees are informed about it during the weekly meetings. If there is no change to be made to the structure then the recruitment and selection process is carried out Job analysis After the vacancy is confirmed, the HR department reviews the job description and job specification and makes the necessary changes if required. The job description contains items such as Job specification- lists the human qualifications necessary to do the job like- The employers of Empire construction search for the following skills in the employees Analytical Time management Planning Decision-making Problem solving Information seeking The selection process is then based on the job description and job specification. The HR head decides the weightage that each criterion will have in the selection of the employee Advertisement Advertisement is done to get suitable candidates aware about the vacant post. The company finds it necessary to be as transparent as possible while displaying the job advertisement. Some of the details mentioned in the job advertisement are All positions must be advertised for a minimum of five working days. The company recruits employees both internally and externally; this depends on the vacant post. For internal recruitment the vacant posts are advertised only internally, where the job details are posted on the notice board and the post is spoken about in the meetings. However internal recruitment in the company is limited since the workforce in the company is trivial. External advertisement The Company advertises the vacant post externally by using the newspaper. Also the company lets various job centers aware of the post. In the world of technology the company also uses various online websites such as naukri.com and monster.com to post about the job and get suitable candidates. Application process Following the advertisements the interested candidates are asked to fill up an application form, which is provided to them via email or can be collected from the main office. An example of the application form is attached below. Along with the application form the candidates are required to submit their CV. After all the applications are received the Hr department of the company screens applications and short-lists the suitable candidates. The short listed candidates are then asked to come for an interview; this information is passed to the suitable candidates using emails and phone calls. The rejected candidates are also sent a mail stating that they have been rejected for the job applied for. Interview The company head and the Hr manager together interview the short-listed candidates. Some of The basic interview questions they ask the candidates are listed below. Why do you want this job? What do you know about this company? What makes you think you will fit in this organization? What are your key strengths? What are your main weaknesses? The interview question that they ask are situational based and is largely dependent on the post applied for. One good example that the Hr head provided the author with was in relation to an interview for the sales head. The interviewee was handed with the brochure of the companys new project and was asked to point out reasons why the sales might or not take place with respect to that brochure. Once the interview is done, the HR team sits down together to verify the credentials. The right to work evidence, birth certificate, passport, visa and other such documents are taken into consideration during the interview process. Soon after the credentials are verified the process of ranking the applicants starts. The company carries out this process using the independent approach. Each member of the selection committee pens down their views and ranks the applicants on the basis of the criterion. After which the selection committee comes to a consensus where the applicant with the most merit is selected to fill the vacant position. In case of a conflict the general Manager of the firm will take the decision. Selection process is followed by then deciding the commencing salary of the employee. Salary is decided based on the experience, qualifications and also the post applied for. Applicants are considered suitable are ranked in order of preference. The task of completing reference checking of the applicants is handed over to rather the selection committee or the directors nominee. Reference checks are important to understand the ability of the applicant to carry out his duties of position in accordance with the criterion. Reference checking is not carried out for the applicants who were interviewed. In fact it is only done for the applicant who ranked the highest. If at all there is hardly any difference between two or more applicant then their reference can also be considered. If the selection committee decides to approach the referees that have not been nominated by the applicant, then they ought to take permission from the applicant before doing so. Retention process Effective employee retention is a systematic effort by employers to create and foster an environment that encourages current employees to remain employed by having policies and practices in place that address their diverse needs. Retaining existing staff saves the employers time and money of recruiting, selecting and training new employees. Empire constructions use several ways to retain their existing employees, Mr T.s Vig the Director of the company said that retention of the key employees is necessary for the project success. The company always has exit interviews for employees who decide to leave their jobs; these interviews have revealed some reasons why people leave the job. Such as Better salary package elsewhere More Benefits elsewhere Too much workload The various measures taken by the company in order to retain its employees are as the follows The company believes in having a very open communication system where no employee feels alienated and all employees feel like an important part of the organization. Making work not only about work, the company environment is very friendly. They celebrate all festivals with a lot of enthusiasm in the company, this brings all the employees closer as a group. Also the employees are allotted with special bonuses during some festivals for example during Diwali the employees are given half a months extra salary. Pay in order to retain the employees the company keeps upgrading the employees salary as time passes. Benefits- Empire constructions provides their workers with some benefits such asà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Paid vacationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Paid holiday à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sick leave, Fringe benefits are discussed in detail later. Pension- The employees of Empire constructions are given a pension when retiring; this motivates them to stay longer in the organization. Motivational strategies used by the company are to mainly make the more efficient and they also help in retaining them, as motivated employees are happy employees. This aspect is explained in the later part of the assignment 1.2 Apply legal, regulatory and ethical considerations to the selection process Ethics is a set of principles to be followed that suggest what is right and what is wrong. No discrimination on any basis is one of the laws which has to be followed but it also an ethical responsibility of the employers and the management. Being in a construction business ethics plays a vital role since the business utilizes manpower like none other. With having unskilled labor the company needs to follow ethical practices in order to not harm anyone. Regulatory Once the final negotiations are done the following formalities are essential to convert the candidate into an employee.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reference Checks  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pre employment medical tests  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Documentation: Educational certificates and previous organizational records   The above-mentioned regulations are for only the main office staff. Legal There are several laws the company will have to follow and are mandatory Minimum age- according to Article 8 of Part II of the Indian law system Minimum Age initially specified was 16 years but was raised to 18 years in 1989. According to this law all the employees if the company should be over the age of 18. Empire construction does not recruit anyone who is below the age of 18. One of the eligibility criteria that the company follows is that the age of the candidate should be over 18. According to Indian contract act of 1872 all the employees are made to sign a contract at the start of their work. Minimum wages- The Indian law system specifies a minimum wage and all the employees should be paid more than that. Empire constructions for the skilled and unskilled labor obey this law and pay the employees accordingly. This act is more applicable for the unskilled workers working at the construction sites. Being in the construction business Empire construction has to follow The Building Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment Conditions of Service) Act, 1996 This act looks was enacted for safety, health and welfare measures of construction workers. The Act contains provision for http://business.gov.in/legal_aspects/laws_specificindustries.php Amongst the other mentioned laws the company also has an obligation to follow The Equal Remuneration Act, 1973(for woman) and The Employment Exchanges (Compulsory Notification of Vacancies) Act, 1959. 2 High performance teams are truly seen as winning teams that invest much time and effort exploring, shaping and agreeing on a purpose that belongs to them, both collectively and individually. They are characterized by a greater sense of commitment to their growth and success. Evaluate how to build winning teams. Assess the benefits of team working A team is any group of people organized to work together interdependently and cooperatively to meet the needs of their customers by accomplishing a purpose and goals. Susan Heathfield Empire construction utilizes project teams. In the company several people of different functional groups come together and work on a project, this has many benefits for the organization some of them are listed below. Efficiency- Teamwork leads to higher efficiency, which will evidently is beneficial for Empire constructions. Teamwork in Empire construction aids in getting the projects undertaken in the most efficient manner. Morale- working in teams helps employees have higher morale and feel more comfortable and well adjusted in the organization. Higher employee morale helps in their retention. Information Preservation- working in teams, all information about activities are shared, hence protecting the company from loss of important work when someone leaves the company. Sharing information can cut down on time spent learning valuable information a former employee understood well. Innovationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨- Brainstorming for ideas and pooling in resources makes innovation likely for the company. In Empire constructions the project team sit together and analyze projects and brainstorm ideas and this usually leads to innovative ideas. Reduced Waste- à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Team working reduces chances of duplication of efforts and streamline production. Unity- à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Working in teams fosters a sense of unity and this overall benefits the company by creating a work atmosphere enjoyed by the staff. Project teams are also vital for Empire construction since without it the success of projects would be challenging, each individual working independently on one common project would create a lot of chaos and duplication of work will be high. Demonstrate working in a team as a leader and member towards specific goals dealing with any conflict or difficult situation. Conflict is the perception of difference of interest among people (Thompson, 1998,p.4) Conflict management and problem solving skills are important for all leaders to possess. It is important to understand the reasons of conflicts . Most of the conflicts that happen in teams are due to the difference in ideas and the problems that arise are due to individuals but have an effect on the entire team. Stulberg (1987) identified traits common to all disagreements; He called them the Five-Ps of Conflict Management and these are shown below. Conflict management, source- Stulberg (1987) http://www.innovativeteambuilding.co.uk In empire construction for conflict management the team leader listens to all the people and then brainstorms and understands the conflict then comes up with a solution. The author would recommend the company to use Interest-Based Relational (IBR) Approach for conflict management. This approach respects individual differences and helps in people not becoming too embedded in a fix position. All the team members of the company would have to follow the following rules in using this approach. Make sure that good relationships are the first priority: During conflicts all the people involved should be courteous and calm, also should try to be constructive under pressure. Keep people and problems separate: During a conflict other personal issues should not be kept under consideration, this will help in dealing with real issues without damaging working relationships. Pay attention to the interests that are being presented: Listen carefully to the other person Listen first; talk second: To solve a problem effectively you have to understand where the other person is coming from before defending your own position. Set out the Facts: Before trying to argue or try to manage conflicts the leader should know all the facts about the conflict. Explore options together: Be open to the idea that a third position may exist, and that you can get to this idea jointly. Review the effectiveness of a team in achieving the goals. Effectiveness of teams refers to how efficient the team is while achieving their goals. For an effective team all employees should be more proactive and self-sufficient, hence employee empowerment can help improve team effectiveness. In empire constructions the effectiveness of team is vital to achieve the goals. Being a construction company they have deadlines to meet and their main goal is to complete projects within the time and budget and with good quality. To achieve their goals and targets Empire construction utilizes several ways to increase the effectiveness of project teams. The company sets clear goals in the start and these are clearly communicated to all the team members since to achieve the goals the goals and objectives should be clearly known by all the team members. The team leader to review the effectiveness of the team in achieving goals conducts regular project meetings. To have effective teams during the start of the project the project plan is created where all the team members are allotted with different responsibilities and roles. From the past trend of the company it can be seen that all their deadlines are mostly met and hence it can be said that the teams in Empire construction are efficient and effect The author feels that the company can make use of team building evaluation attached below to review the effectiveness of the teams. Team Building Evaluation Scale: 1= Strongly Disagree, 2= Disagree, 3= Agree, 4= Strongly Disagree http://www.janssensportsleadership.com/resources/free-championship-team-building-evaluation/ LEADERSHIP- Leadership means influencing people so that they will strive willingly towards the achievement of group goals A leader is a person who has the ability to get other people to do what they dont want to do and like it There are two types of leaders in every organization official leader and informal leader. An official leader is the one who has been established by the organization and has the right to delegate or give orders to co-workers in the firm. An unofficial leader is the one who has the natural ability to be a leader and has the ability to influence people. In empire constructions the Directors of the company are the official leaders. Since it is a construction company the roles are very distinguished. Responsibilities are not clubbed together and given to one employee it is widely distributed among the employees. There is an importance of a leader in every organization. In most cases, people will perform at about 60% of their potential with no leadership at all. Thus, an additional 40% can be realized if effective leadership is available There are several skills and attributes needed for leadership Skill/Attribute   Self-Awareness   An effective leader should be self-aware. Should know own strengths and weaknesses.   Self-Management   A leader should hold themselves responsible for every decision made   Relationship Building   An effective leader should be able to establish meaningful relationships.   Communication Skills   An effective leader should be able to engage in active listening and open dialogue while working in a group or team   Ethical Practices   A leader should have defined and established personal values   Team Development   An effective leader should actively contribute to the teams seasonal goals and objectives   Leading Change A leader should be able to implement changes for improvement and betterment of the organization.   Project and Program Effectiveness A leader should be able to organize, delegate, and evaluate the impact of a future project   Systems Thinking   A leader should possess critical thinking skills to understand and to deal with dissimilar environments. Motivate employees An effective leader should be able to motivate the employees to get work done from them. The table below highlights the skills and attributes needed for leadership. https://sites.google.com/site/karamartinsleadershipportfolio/home/11-skills-and-attributes Leadership in empire constructions The company has several leaders and they are primarily the directors of the company. All the three directors who are basically the leaders are self-aware and self managed. The leaders of the company are friendly with the staff and tend to inspire and motivate the staff. The directors take all the major decisions, which involve change, so it can be said that they lead change in the organization for the betterment. Difference between leadership and management Managers are people who do things right, while leaders are people who do the right thing.- Warren Bennis. There are several differences between a leader and a manager. In empire construction the directors are the leaders whereas there are several managers such as project manager, marketing manager etc. Time- managers work for a particular time period of the day whereas being a leader is about being responsible 24 hours. Manager takes tactical decisions whereas a leader takes strategic decisions. The director being the leader takes strategic decisions such as which project to undertake and about future expansions, the tactical decisions such as how many brochures to print are taken by the managers. Roles and responsibilities-Leaders are responsible for a broader range of responsibilities that managers are. Mr. T.S Vig being the leader in empire constructions is responsible or the entire company whereas the managers in the company are responsible of only a certain tasks. Influence on others- Leaders inspire and motivate people, whereas managers being in authority instruct and order employees. Risk taking- managers follow predetermined rules and regulations of the company whereas a leader will challenge the status quo. In empire constructions the managers work on establishing tasks whereas the leader is rather radical in his thinking. Vision- A leader is a dealer in hope Napolean(1769-1821) A leader has a strong vision whereas managers lack that and abide by the company procedures. The table below highlights the skills and roles of managers and leaders. Management Leadership Do things right Do the right thing Doing whats right Knowing whats right Directing and controlling others Motivating and inspiring others Delegating tasks to subordinate Empowering followers Follow orders from senior executives Inspire others to follow a shared vision Conform to norms of the organization Create and foster a change culture Problem solvers Innovators Official position of responsibility within the organization Traits within people, irrespective of their rank Position Action Planning, directing, monitoring Strategic decision making Listened to by others Respected, appreciated, liked and trusted by others Achievement of objectives through compliance of others Achievement of objectives through acceptance and willingness of followers Analysis Decisiveness Learned skills Natural instincts Organization of staff Support and guidance for followers. Management and Empire construction At times the companies leaders play the role of managers for running the company effectively since it is a small business. This is not very desirable since leaders and managers portray different traits and strengths to meet the organizations objectives. However the company does have several managers responsible for varied tasks. Rajkumar Singh is the site manager for one of the projects and he manages the site office of that project. His job is to ensure that all the work at the project site is being conducted appropriately and meets the predetermined quality, time and budget. He being the manager instructs all the workers about the work to be done on the site. Leadership styles There are three unique leadership styles highlighted in the diagram below. Figure 11- leadership styles, Fieldwork- source of information; Paul hoang (2007).  business and management. australia: IBID press. 750 A specific leadership style cannot be determined for the organization because the style varies from leader to leader. Leadership style undertaken depends on the relationship between the leader and his sub-ordinates and also the leaders thinking about his subordinates. The organization makes use of situational leadership style, which means that the leaders and managers do not follow a particular approach towards leadership but make use of a mix of autocratic, democratic and laissez-faire leadership style. The owners of the firm who do not make decisions based on departments but make them considering the 360-degree approach adapt situational leadership. In the company Autocratic style is adapted when result or deadlines are supposed to be met in a short period of time. The marketing head adapts to this leadership style when it comes to putting up the advertisement hoardings and placing orders for standees. The staff is often seen de motivated because there is lack of input from their side. This de-motivation has been observed by the communication during the daily tea breaks when the employees get together to discuss general matters. The company undertakes democratic leadership style during various situations; in the meetings conducted the employees are consulted for problem solving and decision-making. This motivates them and makes them feel important for the organization. For small daily decisions such as how many more plain sheets for the printer should be ordered etc, laissez-faire leadership style is used within the organization. Leadership theories Contingency theory of leadership- this theory suggests that there is no one best way to manage or lead and organization since whats best in one situation is might not necessarily work in some other situation. The Fiedler Contingency Model states that there is no one best style of leadership. Instead, a leaders effectiveness is based on the situation. This is the result of two factors leadership style and situational favorableness (later called situational control) This theory applies to the chosen organization since the leadership style undertaken is situational based. Hersey-Blanchard Situational Leadership Theory-This theory states that instead of using just one style, successful leaders should change their leadership styles based on the maturity of the people theyre leading and the details of the task. Using this theory, leaders should be able to place more or less emphasis on the task, and more or less emphasis on the relationships with the people theyre leading, depending on whats needed to get the job done successfully. According to Hersey and Blanchard, there are four main leadership styles based on the behavior of subordinates, these are illustrated below. http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_44.htm The Hersey Blanchard model is applicable to the chosen organization since not only the leadership style varies with the situation but it also varies with the staff. In any given situation not all employees are instructed equally for example when a deadline is to be met a rather autocratic style is adapted by the leaders however it is fairly difficult for the leaders to direct each employee so some of them who have high skills and willingness may not be directed as much with leadership style for them being delegating and not telling. Motivation Motivation is the The general desire or willingness of someone to do something. For a firm to be successful it is important for the employees to be motivated. Motivation can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation is the motivation that the employees feel from within, self-motivated people. These people usually choose their interests and hobbies as their career. Extrinsic motivation is when employees need to be motivated through external factors like money or non-monetary ways. Managers in a firm can inspire their employees in different ways; money may not always be the key to the employees happiness. The managers of Empire construction use time and attention to motivate their employees. They motivate their employees financially and non-financially. It is important for the managers to understand which employee is motivated by which factor. The company makes this analysis during the interviews; Where the HR head takes the final interviews. The employees ask certain set of questions, which help the firm to understand which motivational factor is important to them. For eg- if they ask about the salary then money could be a criteria. Financial motivation- Salary- Salaries are payments made each month. The employees of Empire construction are paid monthly instead of yearly, this helps improve the cash flow of the company, and also it motivates the employees to work efficiently every month. Bonus- is when an extra or an unexpected increase in efficiency of the employee has contributed to the firm. This helps the company in two ways one that employee is motivated and second that it helps the company improve its overall performance. The chosen organization does make use of cash bonus to motivate the employees. Loyalty bonus is paid to the employees who have stayed with the company for a certain length of time. The company also gives the employees a Diwali bonus, which consists of a months salary. Pay rise- the salary of employees is increased with time in order to motivate them. Fringe benefits- All payments and benefits to an employee in addition to the salaries. Recommendations- If a customer comes through an