The Pregnancy Of A Bacteria Called Group Beta...

Modern day science has allowed us to make pregnancy and childbirth safer and more predictable than ever. However, we are not invincible to the many organisms that share our world and they can pose some serious risks for both the mother and the infant during this critical period in life. One such risk that many mothers don’t think about is the potential colonization of a bacteria called Group Beta Streptococcus (GBS) in their body during pregnancy, specifically around the time of birth. Lab testing and antibiotic prophylaxis can be thought of as risk-management and has proven to be effective at reducing GBS infection rates in infants born through the vaginal canal of mothers who are GBS carriers. Group Beta Streptococcus (GBS) is a bacteria that is found in the vagina and rectum of 10-30% of all women. This bacteria comes and goes as it is normal flora for women, similar to yeast. Although most are asymptomatic, some may experience urinary tract infections while the bacteria is present in their body. Although GBS does not present much of a problem to the carrier, this specific bacteria can cause much harm to a newborn who passes through the vaginal canal during birth (ACOG, 2011). Pregnant women can take advantage of modern day screening procedures that look for the presence of GBS in late pregnancy to determine if antibiotic prophylaxis is warranted. It is approximated that 50% of all newborns will colonize GBS on their skin during a vaginal birth. However, colonization

Impact Of Terrorism On African Progress - 2058 Words

Introduction: Africa faces many problems which boycott its transition from predominantly the frontier market to the emerging market sector. This essay will discuss the impact that terrorism and militancy have had on African progress, and, outline the successes and failures of the approaches that have been taken to combat this. Terrorism is still without a concrete definition however the UN Security Council uses â€Å"Criminal acts intended or calculated to provoke a state of terror in the general public† (United Nations, 2015) as way to condemn terrorist acts. For the purpose of this essay we will use regional examples from Nigeria and Somalia to show a variety of situations rather than consider African terrorism as a whole. Additionally we†¦show more content†¦This Act prohibits the financing of terrorism and the act itself along with placing obligation on financial institutions to report suspicious spending. Since then the country’s criminal justice systems have been stren gthened along with numerous arrests having been made (Onuoha etal, 2011). Nigeria’s cooperation in Global affairs has also increased including collaborating with the U.S. in anti-terrorism exercises (U.S Department of State, 2013). The country has also made significant progress in regulating the financing of terrorism. A significant mile stone was crossed when Nigeria was taken off of the FATF’s list of countries subject to monitoring for money laundering and terrorist financing (U.S Department of State, 2013). These advances have had a positive effect on the stability of the country however there are many inadequacies that led some to refer to the act as a â€Å"Toothless Bulldog† (Toyin, 2012). Major criticisms include the Act does not issue the protection of fundamental human rights to the terrorists in question (Onuoha etal, 2011). This is regressive at best in terms of human progress. As told by Dakas, C. 2012. p.1 â€Å"The temptation for governments and parliaments in countries suffering from terrorist action is to fight fire with fire†. He then continues â€Å"For a State to react in such a way would be to fall into the trap set by

Data Analysis And Modeling Report Case Study Of Employed People

Question: Discuss about the Data Analysis And Modeling Report Case Study Of Employed People. Answer: Introduction The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional survey research design. The data was collected from sample of employed neighbors and friends. The survey was conducted with aim of utilizing data for practical purpose in data analysis and modeling. The method of data collection was questionnaires administered to them to fill some questions. I used simple random sampling to selects a sample of thirty respondents who had each chance of being selected in sample. The data was then entered and cleaned using Excel version 2007 software. The data has seven variables, age of respondent in years, gender of respondent where 1 represent male and 2 female, the number of degrees one have as measure of education level, hours the respondent used in work in a year, salary one get per year, number of kinds the respondent have and marital status( 1 represent married and 0 unmarried). The sample represents a population of employed persons in the area. Who have formal education and are below 35 years. Age of respondent, number of degrees, wages and hours of working hours are numerical data while gender of respondent is categorical data. Data analysis methodology Descriptive and inferential data analysis was used to analyze the data on Excel 2007 software. The descriptive statistics include mean, standard deviation, histograms. While Chi-square tests association is used to test significance. Chi-square provides a method for testing the association between the row and column in two way table. Chi-square statistics= Where the chi-square statistics have chi-square distribution with (r-1)(c-1) degrees of freedom. Where r represents number of rows and c represent numbers of columns in the table. Scatter diagram were used to check linear relations of various variables. The report will cover the following histogram of number of hours worked and wages to check their distribution. Scatter plot of working hours and gender to check any association or causal between the two variables. The relationship between wages and working hours is tested using regression analysis. Linear regression model where y is wages earned and x is number of working hours per year. Correlation Coefficient is given by (r) = {n x y ?x y [nx2 ? (x)^2 ][ny2 ? (y)^2] } Analysis and Report The average age of respondents is 28.66667 years with standard deviation of 1.24106, the mean wage of the respondents per year is 51200.87 with mean working hours per year of 2996.1, average number of degrees one have is 2 and on average each respondent has one kid. This are measures of central location of the data distributions. The data is skewed to the right with majority of respondents working below 5000 hours per year. The distribution is not normal and has one outlier working above 20000 hours per year. This affect mean as measure of location and give a false picture of the data. Majority of workers follow on wage bracket below 100000 dollars per year regardless of working hours and the level of education one, has few of employees earn above 100000 dollars which are extreme values of data. There is no relationship between genders and working hours, gender do not affect number of hours one work to earn wages. The two variables are independent of each other. The correction between gender and working hours is zero. This means when one decrease or increase the other is not affected by changes occurring to the other variables. Chi-square tests of association between gender and marital status Chi-square provides a method for testing the association between the row and column in two way table. It is measure of association between two categorical data such gender and marital status in the study. Chi-square statistics= Where the chi-square statistics have chi-square distribution with (r-1)(c-1) degrees of freedom. Where r represents number of rows and c represent numbers of columns in the table. The null hypothesis is there is no association between gender and marital status. Against alternative there exist association between gender and marital status. The level of significance is 5% for the test statistics. Gender/ Marital status Married (observed) Expected Not married(observed) expected Total Male 11 12 9 8 20 Female 7 6 3 4 10 Total 18 12 30 Chi square test 0.429195 with 2 degrees of freedom, p (0.429195) = 0.806866 which is greater than level of significance 0.05 this means we fail to reject null hypothesis and conclude that there is no association between gender and marital status. Gender or being male or female does not affect the marital status of the respondent. Marital status is independent of gender. The result are insignificance, the difference between the expected and observed values under null hypothesis is negligible. Thus chi-square test fails to associate gender and marital status. It implies that the choice of getting married or not is being influenced by other factors not gender. Analysis of one relationship between gender and working hours Bar graph of working hours means of males and females. Majority of female employees works 2000 hours and below per year while men work for more than 4000 hours per year. The data portrays large significance differences between mean working hours of female and male. On average male spend more hours working per year as compared to females. The average male working hours is 3485.9 while female is 2016.5 with mean differences of over 1000 working hours. Working hours is associated with gender with female working fewer hours compared to males this may be affected by marital privilege or other commitments. The mean working hours is higher in females as compared to males, thus gender affect working hours. Relationship between wages and number of working hours The first step in studying the relationship between two continuous variables is to draw a scatter plot of the variables to check for linearity. We plot scatter plot with x axis being working hours and dependent variable wages. Majority of employees work between 2000 hours and 3000 hours earning below $100000 and few work above 6000 hours though the wages is not increasing above $100000. There is no linear relationship between number one spend working per year and the amount of wages one earn. Some works less than 2000 hours in year and they earn more than 100000 dollars, while others work more than 6000 hours per year and earn less than 100000 dollars a year. Increase in working hours does no increase wage one earns and decrease in working hours does not result to a decrease in wage one earns. The two variables are not correlated with each other. The data is highly skewed to the right hand side with many extreme values. These outliers affect the average giving false picture of data. They also affect the correlation and should be check if they are real data or errors. The Pearson moment product correlation coefficient measures the strength of association between independent and dependent variable. The Pearson moment product correlation coefficient is 0.299 which measure strength of linear association between wage earned and number of working hours in a year. The correlation coefficient is close to zero. It indicates weak linear association between working hours and wages. Regression analysisis a statistical process for estimating the relationships among variables. It includes many techniques for modeling and analyzing several variables, when the focus is on the relationship between adependent variableand one or moreindependent variables. Regression analysis helps to exclude those values that do no have significance importance in the predicting dependent variable. Running a linear regression model Where y is wages earned and x is number of working hours per year. SUMMARY OUTPUT Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.093646 R Square 0.00877 Adjusted R Square -0.02794 Standard Error 34028.03 Observations 29 ANOVA Df SS MS F Significance F Regression 1 2.77E+08 2.77E+08 0.238872 0.628968 Residual 27 3.13E+10 1.16E+09 Total 28 3.15E+10 Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95% Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0% Intercept 42710.94 12411.24 3.441311 0.001899 17245.18 68176.71 17245.18 68176.71 7780 1.844106 3.77314 0.488746 0.628968 -5.89774 9.585949 -5.89774 9.585949 R Squared is 0.093 which means working hours only explain 9% change of respondent wages and the model is not a good fit. R Squared is 0.093 means that when predicting a persons total income, we will make 9% fewer errors by basing the predictions on the persons hours of work and predicting from the regression line, as opposed to ignoring this variable and predicting the mean of income for every case. Hours of work(X) explain 9% of the variation in income(Y) among city employees. A slope of 1.844106 means that 1-hour increase in an employees amount of working hours result to an average increase in annual income of $ 1.844106. A y-intercept of 42710.94 suggests that the expected income for a person with 0 hours of work should be $ 42710.94. Moreover, from the data t= 0.488746 and p-value= 0.628968, we can conclude that the slope for hours of work is not significantly different from zero at p is greater than 0.05. Conclusions Descriptive and inferential data analysis was used to analyze the data on Excel 2007 software, the following were obtained. The average age of respondents is 28.66667 years with standard deviation of 1.24106, the mean wage of the respondents per year is 51200.87 with mean working hours per year of 2996.1, average number of degrees one have is 2 and on average each respondent has one kid. Gender or being male or female does not affect the marital status of the respondent. Marital status is independent of gender. There is no association between number one spend working per year and the amount of wages one earn. Increase in working hours does no increase wage one earns and decrease in working hours does not result to a decrease in wage one earns. The Pearson moment product correlation coefficient is 0.299 which measure strength of linear association between wage earned and number of working hours in a year. The correlation coefficient is close to zero. It indicates weak linear associati on between working hours and wages. The chi-square of association between gender and marital status produced results as follow. That gender or being male or female does not affect the marital status of the respondent. Marital status is independent of gender. The result are insignificance, the difference between the expected and observed values under null hypothesis is negligible. References Browne, C., Battista D., Geiger T., Gutknecht T. ( 2014). The Executive Opinion the Voice of the Business Community, in the Global Competitiveness. World Economic Forum, 2014, pp. 8596. Whitley E, Ball J. (2002). Statistics review 1: Presenting and summarizing data.Crit Care. Beth L. Chance, Allan J. Rossman. 2006. Mathematics. Park, H., Russell, C. Lee, J. 2007, "National culture and environmental sustainability: A cross-national analysis", Journal of Economics and Finance, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 104-121. Venkat N., Vijav V., Venu G. and Rao R. (2016). Handbook of Statistics. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/handbooks/01697161. Joseph L. Gastwirth,Methods for Assessing the Sensitivity of Statistical Comparisons Used in Title VII Cases to Omitted Variables,33 Jurimetrics J. 19 (1992). Fisher R.A. 1925. Methods For Research Work; Macmillan Publishers: London.

Medical Biochemistry for Embryo and Starchy - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theMedical Biochemistry for Embryo and Starchy. Answer: Introduction A wheat kernel has three main sections- embryo, starchy endosperm and protective layer. For a plant to carry out germination, many cells and cellular materials reproduce from the original embryo. Acid phosphate is a major enzyme produced for the initial stage of germination. This enzyme is responsible for breaking down phosphate esters and releasing the phosphate for necessary metabolic activities. In this experiment acid phosphate is to be extracted from wheat germ and its enzymatic activity is to be determined. The results would be then compared with the standard graphs produced in experiment 3A and the amount of acid phosphate would be determined. Materials Chemicals/ biological ingredients Hazard safety check Wheat germs Raw wheat germ is to be stored sealed in a vaccum storage container to avoid heat, humidity and exposure to air 50 mM Sodium Acetate Buffer (NaOAc) solution Protective clothing and gloves are to be worn while handing it. Avoid breathing it and store away from moisture p-nitrophenol phosphate (PNPP) stock solution (1 mg/mL) Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Personal protective equipment might be used Deionised H2O (dH2O) Good hygiene procedures are to be followed and splashing and spraying are to be avoided 1M NaOH Container to be kept dry and water is not to be added to the solution. Avoid contact with skin (Keith, 2016) Instruments Conical centrifugation tube Disposal of used tubes is necessary for avoiding contamination from used subtances Microcentrifuge tube Avoid spillage of used substances. Disposal of used tubes is necessary for avoiding contamination High velocity centrifuge (max speed of 13,000 rpm) After centrifugation is carried out it is necessary to take the rotor to a biosafety cabinet prior to removal of the lids. If there is a leak in the centrifuge appropriate steps are to be taken Microplate reader Repeated exposure to be avoided and protective equipments to be used. Container to be placed in dry, well-ventilated place Benchtop vortex Avoid contact with surface, ground water or soild. Contact wtith skin is to be avoided and adequate ventilation is to be maintained Materials Chemicals/ biological ingredients Hazard safety check Bradford reagent Store in tightly closed container at 2-8C. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) stock solution (1mg/mL) To be used in well ventilated areas and personal protective equipment to be worn Instruments 1 mL Cuvettes To be used dry and spillage to be avoided Spectrophotometer All operations are to be performed uing gloves and safety goggles. The instrument is to be used in a clean environment away from other instruments that cause vibration. Mechanical compoenents are to be maintained in good condition (Scopes, 2013). Introduction It is crucial to determine the molecular and physical properties of a protein in biochemistry for understanding the unique characteristics and all possible downstream application. Electrophoresis is a commonly used method in biochemistry for separating protein and nucleic acid. One significant method for purifying proteins is using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The widely used method, called protein denaturation, applies sodium dodecyl sulphate for stripping down the protein into linear amino acid sequence for producing better migration pattern in the gel. This is termed as SDS-PAGE process. From previous In this experiment the proteins within the extract would be separated through SDS-PAGE method for determining the different forms of protein present within the wheat germ extract. Materials Chemicals/ biological ingredients Hazard safety check 10% Resolving gel Proper personal protective equipment to be used while handling the agent Stacking gel Proper personal protective equipment to be used while handling the agent Stock loading buffer solution (5x and 2x) Proper personal protective equipment to be used while handling the agent Electrophoresis tank buffer Proper personal protective equipment to be used while handling the agent (Keith et al., 2005) Coomassie Staining Solution Proper personal protective equipment to be used while handling the agent for avoiding unnecessary staining Pure acid phosphatase enzyme (1 mg/mL) Repeated exposure to be avoided and spills to be avoided Wheat germs Raw wheat germ is to be stored sealed in a vaccum storage container to avoid heat, humidity and exposure to air 50mM Sodium Acetate Buffer (NaOAc) stock solution Protective clothing and gloves are to be worn while handing it. Avoid breathing it and store away from moisture (Hegyi et al., 2013) Instruments Electrophoresis apparatus Equipment and bench tops to be decontaminated using soap and water. Disposal of all contaminated disposables necessary Gel loading tips After loading of gel the tips are to be discarded away for avoiding contamination Weight boats To be kept away from high heat 100 C heating block After usage of the block rapid and sufficient collign of the block is necessary High velocity centrifuge (max speed of 13,000 rpm) After centrifugation is carried out it is necessary to take the rotor to a biosafety cabinet prior to removal of the lids. If there is a leak in the centrifuge appropriate steps are to be taken Microcentrifuge tubes Avoid spillage of used substances. Disposal of used tubes is necessary for avoiding contamination (Chawla, 2014) References Chawla, R. (2014).Practical clinical biochemistry: methods and interpretations. JP Medical Ltd. Hegyi, G., Kardos, J., Kovcs, M., Mlnsi-Csizmadia, A., Nyitray, L., Pl, G., ... Venekei, I. (2013). Introduction to Practical Biochemistry.ELTE Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology. Keith (Ed.) Wilson, John (Ed.) Walker. (2005).Practical Biochemistry: Principles And Techniques. Cambridge University Press. Keith, W. (2017). A biologist's guide to principles and techniques of practical biochemistry. Scopes, R. K. (2013).Protein purification: principles and practice. Springer Science Business Media.